Current Articles...

1. Use of analgesics in experiments.

Authors : Sager, M.
Institution : Universitaetsklinikum, Duesseldorf, Germany.
Source : ALTEX 23, Suppl:103-109. 2006.
Abstract :

Refinement in animal experiments means to diminish pain, suffering and harm. The use of analgesics in experiments is applied refinement and an essential part of good veterinary care. It was the task of this report to give a comprehensive overview about the topic of pain treatment in laboratory animals. This report is based to the manual of the working group for anaesthesia and analgesia of the German Society for Laboratory Animal Science (GV- SOLAS) published in the year 2002. By the extent of this report it is only possible to give proposals by example for pain relief in different species used in the diverse kinds of experiments.

 2. Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors.

Authors : Rousseaux C, Thuru X, Gelot A, Barnich N, Neut C, Dubuquoy L, Dubuquoy C, Merour E, Geboes K, Chamaillard M, Ouwehand A, Leyer G, Carcano D, Colombel JF,                       Ardid D, Desreumaux P.
Source : Nat Med. 2006 Dec 10;
Abstract :

Abdominal pain is common in the general population and, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, is attributed to visceral hypersensitivity. We found that oral administration of specific Lactobacillus strains induced the expression of mu-opioid and cannabinoid receptors in intestinal epithelial cells, and mediated analgesic functions in the gut-similar to the effects of morphine. These results suggest that the microbiology of the intestinal tract influences our visceral perception, and suggest new approaches for the treament of abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome.

3. Fire and phantoms after spinal cord injury: Na+ channels and central pain.

Authors : Waxman SG, Hains BC .
Institution : Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. stephen.waxman@yale.edu
Source : Trends Neurosci. 2006 Apr;29(4):207-15. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Abstract :

Neuropathic pain and phantom phenomena occur commonly after spinal cord injury (SCI) but their molecular basis is not yet fully understood. Recent findings demonstrate abnormal expression of the Nav1.3 Na(+) channel within second-order spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and third-order thalamic neurons along the pain pathway after SCI, and suggest that this change makes these neurons hyperexcitable so that they act as pain amplifiers and generators. Delineation of molecular changes that contribute to hyperexcitability of pain-signaling neurons might lead to identification of molecular targets that will be useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain after SCI and related nervous system injuries.

4. Emergency care of reptiles.

Authors : Martinez-Jimenez D. Hernandez-Divers S.J.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA 30602-7390, USA.
Source : Veterinary Clinics of North American: Exotic Animal Practice. 10(2):557-585. 2007 May.
Abstract :

Most reptile emergencies are the result of improper husbandry and nutrition. Reptiles are good at masking disease, and owners, failing to recognize early signs of illness, only seek veterinary assistance when issues are advanced and near terminal. The veterinarian should be familiar with reptile species-specific husbandry and nutritional requirements and basic clinical techniques. The same principles and techniques used in small animal medicine can be applied to reptile emergencies. This article reviews general emergency principles that apply to the reptilian patient and common emergency presentations. The main areas of discussion focus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, fluid therapy, and analgesia.

5. Efficacy of moxibustion after rolling correction in dairy cows with abomasal displacement.

Authors : Lee, JY. Lee, MR. Kim, JH. Han, TS. Kang, SS. Bae, CS. Kim, DH. Kim, G. Choi, SH.
Institution : College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea.
Source : American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 35(12):63-7.
Abstract :

This study was performed to assess the efficacy of moxibustion after rolling correction in dairy cows with abomasal displacement (AD). The experimental group comprised 86 Holstein cows with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) and right displacement of the abomasum (RDA), with a mean age of 3.8 with AD during a 2-year period. The cows were rolled for correction of AD. After the rolling procedure, moxibustion was conducted on six acupoints once a day during the course of treatment. After repositioning the abomasums, the bilateral points of BL-20, BL-21 and BL-26 were then stimulated. During the follow-up of 1 week, 67 (93.1%) of 72 LDA and 12 (85.7%) of 14 RDA cows were released as cured after moxibustion. In conclusion, moxibustion effectively treats AD following rolling correction in dairy cows.

6. Palliative radiotherapy with electrons of appendicular osteosarcoma in 54 dogs.

Authors : Mueller F. Poirier V. Melzer K. Nitzl D. Roos M. Kaser-Hotz B
Institution : Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Source : In Vivo. 19(4):713-6, 2005 Jul-Aug.
Abstract :

7. Effect of the administration of flunixin meglumine on pregnancy rates in Holstein heifers.

Authors : Guzeloglu, A. Erdem, H. Saribay, M.K. Thatcher, W.W. Tekeli, T.
Institution : Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya 42031, Turkey
Source :Veterinary Record. 160(12):404-6, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

Fifty-two 15-month-old Holstein heifers were synchronised with single or double injections of prostaglandin F(2alpha), followed by an injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) 48 hours later, and inseminated 12 to 14 hours after the injection of gnrh (day 0). Half of them were then injected twice intramuscularly with 1.1 mg/kg flunixin meglumine 12 hours apart, on the evening of day 15 and the morning of day 16, and the other 26 were not treated. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound 29 and 65 days after they were inseminated. On day 29, 20 of the treated heifers were pregnant compared with 13 of the control heifers (P<0.05); on day 65, 18 of the treated heifers were still pregnant compared with 12 of the control heifers (P<0.10).

8. Long-term treatment with carprofen of 805 dogs with osteoarthritis.

Authors : Mansa, S. Palmer, E. Grondahl, C. Lonaas, L.
Institution : SM-Vet, Egelundsvej 40, DK-4600 Koge , Denmark .
Source : Veterinary Record. 160(13):427-30, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

The pain-relieving effect of carprofen and tolerance to the drug were investigated in 805 dogs that were lame as a result of osteoarthritis. The dogs were of different breeds, ages and bodyweights and of both sexes, and were selected from 51 veterinary clinics. Each dog was treated orally by its owner with 4 mg/kg carprofen for 84 consecutive days. Twenty-four dogs were removed from the study because of side effects, and 55 left the study for reasons unrelated to the treatment. The condition of the dogs and the benefit of the treatment were evaluated by the veterinary surgeons and the owners after 14 days, and at the end of the period of treatment, when 194 of the dogs (26.7 per cent) were no longer lame, and 357 (49.2 per cent) had improved. The period for which the dogs had been lame before entering the study significantly (P<0.01) affected the results and the rate of improvement. Too much exercise during the 84 days of treatment caused some dogs to relapse.

9. Surgical decompression in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception: A retrospective              study of 46 cases.

Authors : Laitinen OM. Puerto DA.
Institution :University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine,  Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, 3900 Delancey  St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA Source : Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 46(1-2):79-85, 2005.
Abstract :

10.  Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular ketamine in young ostriches premedicated with romifidine.

Authors : De Lucas, JJ. Rodriquez, C. Marin, M. Gonzalez, F. Ballesteros, C. San Andres, MI.
Institution : Catedra de Farmacologia, Farmacia y Terapeutica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda/Puerta de Hierro s.n., 28040 Madrid,                               Spain.
Source : J. Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 54(1):48-50, 2007 Feb.
Abstract :

Ketamine is a short-acting dissociative anaesthetic for chemical restraint and surgical anaesthesia in domestic and non-domestic animals. The present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) after intramuscular (i.m.) administration to young ostriches premedicated with romifidine. Ketamine was rapidly absorbed after i.m. administration. Maximal ketamine concentration (C(max)) of 2.93 +/- 0.61 microg/ml was reached at 12.5 +/- 2.50 min and thereafter ketamine concentrations decreased rapidly. The elimination half-life (t(1/2 z)) obtained was 62.37 +/- 17.37 min and mean residence time (MRT) was 77.33 +/- 19.12 min. The area under the curve (AUC) was 114.19 +/- 15.76 microg x min/ml.

11. Attitudes of veterinary nurses to the assessment of pain and the use of pain scales.

Authors : Coleman, DL. Slingsby, LS.
Institution : Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobian, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR.
Source : Veterinary Record 160(16):541-4 2007 Apr.
Abstract :

In April 2004, a questionnaire was distributed to veterinary nurses across the UK to assess their attitudes towards the assessment and management of pain in practice. During the six-week collection period, a total of 541 questionnaires were returned, of which 24 (4.25 per cent) were discounted due to completion errors. Overall, the pain scores for procedures involving dogs were higher than those for cats; the veterinary nurses' pain scores were higher for all procedures than those of veterinary surgeons in a previous study. Both veterinary nurses and veterinary surgeons were primarily involved with monitoring pain postoperatively, and 96 per cent of veterinary nurses felt that their knowledge of pain management could be enhanced; 8.1 per cent of the practices used a formal pain scoring system, with the simple descriptive scale most commonly used; 80.3 per cent of the veterinary nurses agreed that a pain scale was a useful clinical tool.

12.  Perioperative use of analgesics in dog s and cats by Canadian veterinarians in 2001.

Authors : Hewson, Caroline J. Dohoo, Ian R. Lemke, Kip A.
Institution : Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown
Source : Canadian Veterinary Journal. 47(4):352-9, 2006 Apr.
Abstract :

A random sample of 652 Canadian veterinarians was surveyed to determine perioperative use of analgesics in dog s and cats following common surgeries. The response rate was 57.8%. With the exception of taildocking in puppies, at least 85% of animals received preincisional analgesics , and 30% to 98.1% received postincisional analgesics . A similar survey was conducted in 1994; since then, analgesic usage has increased markedly, as have ratings of the pain caused by different surgeries. In 2001 most veterinarians (62%) used at least 2 classes of analgesic perioperatively. However, strong opioids, local anesthetics, and alpha-2 agonists were underused, and there was an overreliance on weak opioids (butorphanol, meperidine). Up to 12% of veterinarians did not use any analgesics . Nationally, this may have affected many animals monthly; for example, approximately 6000 dog s or cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Continuing education (provincial level) and review articles were considered effective ways to inform veterinarians about optimal analgesic practices.

13. Treatment of opioid-induced gut dysfunction.

Authors : Holzer P.
Institution : Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitatsplatz 4,                               A-8010 Graz, Austria.
                      peter.holzer@meduni-graz.at
Source : Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Feb;16(2):181-94.
Abstract :

Opioid analgesics are the mainstay in the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain, yet their use is frequently associated with adverse effects, the most common and debilitating being constipation. Opioid-induced motor stasis results from blockade of gastrointestinal peristalsis and fluid secretion, and reflects the action of the endogenous opioid system in the gut. Methylnaltrexone and alvimopan are new investigational drugs that selectively target peripheral mu-opioid receptors because they are poorly absorbed in the intestine and do not enter the brain. Clinical studies have proved the concept that these drugs prevent opioid-induced bowel dysfunction without interfering with analgesia. As reviewed in this article, opioid receptor antagonists with a peripherally restricted site of action also hold therapeutic promise in postoperative ileus and chronic constipation due to the fact that they have been found to stimulate intestinal transit.

14. Adverse effects of EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine) cream and efficacy for the placement of jugular catheters in hospitalized cats .

Authors : Wagner, Karin A. Gibbon, Kristi J. Strom, Tami L. Kurian, Joseph R. Trepanier, Lauren A.
Institution : Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine , 53706-1102, USA .
Source : Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery. 8(2):141-4, 2006 Apr.
Abstract :

EMLA is a lidocaine/prilocaine cream used for topical analgesia in human pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to establish the safety of EMLA in clinically ill cats , to measure systemic absorption and to determine whether EMLA reduced the need for sedation for the placement of jugular catheters. Thirty-one cats were randomized to either a placebo or EMLA cream group. Cream was applied to a 10 cm(2) area over the jugular vein, with 1h of occlusive dressing. Neither anesthetic was systemically absorbed in any cat, and no adverse clinical signs were observed. Struggling during catheter placement was less in the EMLA-treated cats compared to placebo, but did not reach significance (P = 0.06). Jugular catheters were successfully placed in 60% of EMLA-treated cats and 38% of placebo cats ; this difference was not statistically significant and may not justify the added steps of EMLA cream administration for this purpose. However, EMLA does appear to be safe in clinically ill cats, and may be useful for other applications such as for skin mass removal or repeated venepuncture.

15. NSAIDs and scavenging birds: potential impacts beyond Asia 's critically endangered vultures

Authors : Cuthbert, R. Parry-Jones, J. Green, RE. Pain, DJ.
Institution : Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK.
Source : Biology Letters. 3(1):90-3 2007 Feb.
Abstract :

Veterinary treatment of livestock with diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID), has caused catastrophic declines of Gyps vultures in Asia . This has highlighted a lack of knowledge on the potential impacts of NSAIDs on scavenging birds. Surveys of veterinarians and zoos document the outcomes of the treatment of over 870 scavenging birds from 79 species. As well as diclofenac, carprofen and flunixin were associated with mortality, with deaths observed in 13 and 30% of cases, respectively. Mortality was also found following treatment with ibuprofen and phenylbutazone. NSAID toxicity was reported for raptors, storks, cranes and owls, suggesting that the potential conservation impact of NSAIDs may extend beyond Gyps vultures and could be significant for New World vultures. In contrast, there were no reported mortalities for the NSAID meloxicam, which was administered to over 700 birds from 60 species. The relative safety of meloxicam supports other studies indicating the suitability of this NSAID to replace diclofenac in Asia

16. Pain management in ruminants. [Review] [41 refs]

Authors : Anderson DE. Muir WW.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
                      Anderson.670@osu.edu
Source : Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice. 21(1):19-31, 2005 Mar.
Abstract :

17. Current attitudes of cattle practitioners to pain and the use of analgesics in cattle

Authors : Huxley, J N. Whay, H R.
Institution : Division of Food Animal Science, Bristol Veterinary School , Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU.
Source: Veterinary Record. 159(20):662-8, 2006 Nov 11.
Abstract :

A questionnaire to examine the attitudes and perceptions of cattle practitioners to pain in cattle was sent to 2398 practitioners working in the UK , and 641 responses were received.

From the range of procedures and conditions outlined in the questionnaire, claw amputation was scored as the most pain ful procedure undergone by adult cattle (assuming no analgesic drugs were administered), and neck calluses were scored as the least pain ful condition experienced by adult cattle . The pain associated with dystocia was considered the least pain ful experience for calves, and fracture of a distal limb and surgery for an umbilical hernia equally the most pain ful. There were significant differences between the pain scores assigned by men and women and by respondents who had graduated in different decades; female respondents and more recent graduates tended to give a higher pain score for most conditions.

There were also significant differences between the pain scores assigned by respondents who routinely used analgesics and those who did not, the latter being more likely to assign significantly lower pain scores.

18. Pain management in cats--past, present and future. Part 1. The cat is unique. [Review] [51 refs]

Authors : Taylor PM. Robertson SA.
Institution : Taylor Monroe, Gravel Head Farm, Downham Common, Little Downham, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB6 2TY, UK.
Title : Pain management in cats--past, present and future. Part 1. The cat is unique. [Review] [51 refs]
Source : Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery. 6(5):313-20, 2004 Oct.
Abstract :

Cats are popular pets but until recently their perioperative and traumatic pain was seriously underestimated and under treated. There are several causes of this under treatment. First, it may be difficult to detect pain in cats, because they do not demonstrate overt pain-associated behaviour. Secondly, there are relatively few analgesic drugs with market authorization for cats. Thirdly, cats have an unfortunate reputation for toxicity from analgesic drugs, particularly opioid-induced mania and classical non steroidal anti inflammatory drug toxicity. Fourthly, cats are deficient in some metabolic pathways used to metabolise analgesic drugs in other species; this may lead to genuine toxicity or to lack of effect. Recently, understanding of feline behaviour and physiology has improved, leading to better clinical management of this enigmatic species. Behavioural methods are proving to be the best means of assessing pain, and knowledge of unique feline physiology has enabled rational treatment protocols to be developed specifically for cats. [References: 51]

19 Continuous extradural analgesia in a cow with complex regional pain syndrome.

Authors : Bergadano, Alessandra. Moens, Yves. Schatzmann, Urs.
Institution :  Anaesthesiology Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Langgassstrasse 124, PB 8466 CH-3001 Berne,                           Switzerland. alessandra.bergadano@knp.unibe.ch
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia . 33(3):189-92, 2006 May.
Abstract :

20. Immunohistochemical evaluation of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in skin and periosteum after extracorporeal               shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy in sheep. Authors

Authors : Abed, J.M. McClure S.R. Yaeger, M.J. Evans, R.B.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 68(3):323-8, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and radial pressure wave therapy (RPWT) on immunohistochemical staining for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the skin and periosteum of sheep.

ANIMALS: 36 sheep.

PROCEDURES: All 4 limbs of 36 sheep were treated with ESWT, RPWT, or a sham treatment. For 14 days after treatment, at least 2 sheep were euthanized daily and tissue was harvested for histologic evaluation of nerves via staining for substance P and CGRP in the skin and periosteum.

RESULTS: No effects of ESWT or RPWT were observed on the number of nerves with stain uptake for substance P or CGRP in the skin or periosteum.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substance P- and CGRP-containing nerve fibers are not disrupted by EWST or RPWT. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanism of analgesia observed in association with these treatment modalities.

21. Rehabilitation of research chimpanzees: stress and coping after long-term isolation.

Authors : Reimers, M. Schwarzenberger, F. Preuschoft, S.
Institution : Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Source : Hormones and Behavior 51(3):428-35, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

We report on the permanent retirement of chimpanzees from biomedical research and on resocialization after long-term social isolation. Our aim was to investigate to what extent behavioral and endocrine measures of stress in deprived laboratory chimpanzees can be improved by a more species-typical social life style. Personality in terms of novelty responses, social dominance after resocialization and hormonal stress susceptibility were affected by the onset of maternal separation of infant chimpanzees and duration of deprivation. Chimpanzees, who were separated from their mothers at a younger age and kept in isolation for more years appeared to be more timid personalities, less socially active, less dominant and more susceptible to stress, as compared to chimpanzees with a less severe deprivation history. However, permanent retirement from biomedical research in combination with therapeutic resocialization maximizing chimpanzees' situation control resulted in reduced fecal cortisol metabolite levels. Our results indicate that chimpanzees can recover from severe social deprivation, and may experience resocialization as less stressful than solitary housing.

22. Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in a dog .

Authors : Novello, Lorenzo. Corletto, Federico.
Institution : Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Newmarket , UK . novello@isvra.org
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 35(2):191-7, 2006 Feb.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To report use of combined spinal epidural anesthesia for tail resection and surgical exploration of the pelvic canal and the perineal-pararectal area in a dog . ANIMAL: A 4-month-old, 13 kg male Collie dog.

METHODS: Under inhalant anesthesia, an epidural catheter was threaded through a Tuohy needle at L5-L6. Then using a Whitacre spinal needle bupivacaine and fentanyl were administered in the subarachnoid space at L6-L7 level. Fifteen minutes later, morphine was administered epidurally. Bupivacaine and morphine were administered epidurally 4 hours after the subarachnoid injection.

RESULTS: No cardiorespiratory response to surgical stimulation was observed. Postoperative analgesia was satisfactory, and the catheter was removed 30 hours later. No complications or neurologic sequelae occurred before discharge or were noted 10 days later.

CONCLUSION: Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia provided excellent intraoperative anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in a dog undergoing surgery involving the pelvic canal.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia can be performed in dogs, and its use should be considered in major surgeries caudal to the diaphragm, as the epidural catheter allows cranial extension of the block, providing excellent intraoperative anesthesia and perioperative analgesia .

23. Development of a pressure nociceptive threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats.

Authors : Dixon, M.J. Taylor, P.M. Steagall, P.V.M. Brondani, J.T. Luna, S.P.L.
Institution : Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Canada.
Source : Research in Veterinary Science [electronic resource]. 82(1):85-92, 2007 Feb.
Abstract :

A pressure analgesiometric device was developed for unrestrained cats. Eleven cats were studied. Stimulation was via three rounded pins within a bracelet on the forearm. The pins were advanced by manual bladder inflation. Bladder pressure was measured using a strain gauge pressure transducer. The threshold was recorded at the behavioural end point. Thresholds were measured at 5 and 15 min intervals for 2-4 h, after removal/replacement of the cuff, for 120 min after SC butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), and with mild skin inflammation at the testing site. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Pressure thresholds in untreated cats were around 150 mmHg. The minimum interval for testing was established as 15 min. Data were reproducible over 4 h and beyond 24 h. Thresholds in 5 cats increased (P < 0.05) above baseline for 45 min after butorphanol with a maximum increase of 270 ± 182 mmHg at 10 min. Thresholds decreased with inflammation. The method appears suitable for feline analgesia investigations.

24. Managing pain in feline patients. [Review] [92 refs]

Authors : Robertson SA.
Institution : Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA. robertsons@mail.vemted.ufl.edu
Source : Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice. 35(1):129-46, 2005 Jan.
Abstract :

25. Evaluation of intravenous pamidronate administration in 33 cancer-bearing dogs with primary or secondary bone involvement.

Authors : Fan TM. de Lorimier LP. Charney SC. Hintermeister JG.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802-4714, USA . t-fan@uiuc.edu
Source : Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 19(1):74-80, 2005 Jan-Feb.
Abstract:

26.Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine or midazolam in combination with ketamine or tiletamine/zolazepam for the immobilisation of      captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).

Authors : Stegmann G.F. Jago M.
Institution : Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria , Onderstepoort , South Africa.
Source : Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 77(4):205-209. Dec 2006.
Abstract :

Captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) scheduled for either general health examination or dental surgery were immobilised with combinations of medetomidine-ketamine (K/DET, n = 19), midazolam-ketamine (K/MID, n = 4) or medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam (Z/DET, n = 5). Induction time and arterial blood pressure was not statistically significantly (P > 0.05) different between treatment groups. Transient seizures were observed in the K/DET treated animals during induction. Hypertension was present in all groups during anaesthesia with mean (+/- SD) systolic pressure of 30.7 +/- 5.0 kPa for the K/DET group, 27.7 +/- 2.7 kPa for the K/MID group, and 33.1 +/- 4.6 kPa for the Z/DET group. Heart rate was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the K/DET group (69 +/- 13.2 beats/min) compared to the K/MID group (97 +/- 22.6 beats/min), and ventilation rate was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the K/MID group (15 +/- 0.0 breaths/min) compared with the K/DET group (21 +/- 4.6). A metabolic acidosis and hypoxia were observed during anaesthesia when breathing air. Oxygen (O2) administration resulted in a statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (hypercapnoea), arterial partial pressure of O2, and % oxyhaemoglobin saturation.

27. Standing sedation and pain management for ophthalmic patients. [Review] [46 refs]

Authors : Robertson SA.
Institution : Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.                                           robertsons@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu.
Title : Standing sedation and pain management for ophthalmic patients. [Review] [46 refs]
Source : Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice. 20(2):485-97, 2004 Aug.
Abstract :

Several ocular procedures, including examination, removal of corneal foreign bodies, nictitans surgery, eyelid repair, and tumor excision,can be successfully performed in the appropriately restrained and sedated standing horse. Sedation is best achieved with xylazine,with or without the addition of acepromazine. Additional analgesia can be provided with appropriate local anesthetic blocks.Surgical conditions are greatly improved by using an auriculopalpebral and supraorbital block and topical anesthetics. More elaborate standing sedation involving continuous rate infusions of lidocaine or detomidine combined with butorphanol may facilitate more involved surgery with appropriate support staff and equipment in animals that are at high risk for general anesthesia or when the latter is not an option. Short-term or long-term analgesia is most commonly provided with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but several newer techniques, including lidocaine and butorphanol infusions, may be effective. Topical treatment with opioids to provide analgesia and opioid antagonists to enhance corneal healing is an exciting new development that may revolutionize our approach to corneal ulcer therapy in the future if current research findings are supportive. [References: 46]

28.Tilt table recovery of horses after orthopedic surgery: fifty-four cases (1994-2005).

Authors : Elmas C.R. Cruz A.M. Kerr C.L.
Institution : Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada .
Source : Vet Surg 36(3):252-258. April 2007.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To describe an assisted anesthetic recovery technique using a tilt table for horses after high-risk orthopedic-related procedures and to evaluate outcome.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Anesthetic recoveries (n=54) for 36 horses.

METHODS: Medical records (April 1994-October 2005) for horses that had high-risk orthopedic surgery and recovery from general anesthesia on a tilt table were reviewed. Information about the surgical procedure, anesthetic and recovery period was analyzed.

RESULTS: Of 54 anesthetic recoveries, 1 horse (1.9%) had complete failure of internal fixation during recovery and was euthanatized. Six (11% recoveries) horses failed to adapt to the tilt table system, which necessitated transfer to a conventional recovery room. Complications without important consequences for clinical outcome (skin abrasions, myositis, cast breakage, partial implant failure) occurred during 8 (15%) recoveries.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A tilt table recovery system was associated with minimal incidence of serious complications. Potential disadvantages of the system are the number of personnel required, longer recovery time, and the need for a specialized table. A tilt table is a useful system for recovering horses believed to be at increased risk of injury during anesthetic recovery after high-risk orthopedic-related procedures.

29. Clinical Pharmacology of buprenorphine in healthy, lactating goats.

Authors : ngvast-Larsson C. Svartberg K. Hydbine-Sandberg E. Bondesson U. Olsson K.
Institution : Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural                              Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Source : Journal of the Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 30(3):249-256, 2007 Jun.
Abstract :

The pharmacokinetics and the effects of the opioid buprenorphine on behavior, cardiovascular parameters, plasma concentrations of cortisol and vasopressin were studied in the goat. After intravenous injection at a dosage of 0.02 mg/kg bw, the terminal half-life was 73.8+/-19.9 min (mean+/-SD), the apparent volume of distribution 5.22+/-1.01 L/kg, and total body clearance 79.1+/-18.5 mL/min/kg. After intramuscular administration of buprenorphine at the same dosage, bioavailability was complete and clearance was 54.7+/-16.6 mL/min/kg. Heart rate, blood pressure and concentrations of cortisol and vasopressin in plasma increased after drug administration. The goats became agitated and stopped ruminating. The effects were more pronounced the first time the animals received the drug, especially the influence on the hormone levels. The concentrations of cortisol and vasopressin in plasma remained unaffected after the second dose despite a wash-out period of 3-6 weeks. Buprenorphine may be an unsuitable drug in goats because of the profound inhibition of rumination and the agitation it causes. The short half-life of buprenorphine may limit its use if long-term analgesia is required but be advantageous if a short acting drug is desirable.

30. Activated microglia contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain after spinal cord injury.

Authors : Hains BC, Waxman SG .
Institution : Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
Source : J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 19;26(16):4308-17.
Abstract :

31. Effects of meloxicam on severity of lameness and other clinical signs of osteoarthritis in dogs.

Authors : Peterson KD. Keefe TJ.
Institution : Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc, 2621 N Belt Hwy, St Joseph, MO 64506, USA.
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 225(7):1056-60, 2004 Oct 1.
Abstract :

32. Feline osteoarthritis: a prospective study of 28 cases.

Authors : Clarke, S P. Bennett, D.
Institution : Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary Faculty, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH.
Source : Journal of Small Animal Practice. 47(8):439-45, 2006 Aug.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVES: To identify a cohort of cats with clinical osteoarthritis and to report on the clinical signs, the frequency of joints affected and the possible aetiopathogenesis within this population.

METHODS: Inclusion criteria for this prospective study were presence of historical evidence and/or clinical signs of osteoarthritis, together with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis. Patients showed clinical improvement within four weeks of analgesic administration and were free from other disease processes, which might explain the clinical signs and/or their response to analgesia.

RESULTS: Twenty-eight cases were included in the cohort. The elbow (45 per cent) and the hip (38 per cent) were the most frequently affected joints. Seventy-one per cent of cases had primary/idiopathic aetiology. Alterations in both the ability to jump (71 per cent) and the height (67 per cent) of jump (lifestyle changes) were the most frequent signs of disease. Sixty-one per cent of owners felt that their pet had made a marked improvement following administration of an analgesic/anti-inflammatory drug. There were statistically significant improvements in the ability to jump (P < 0.001), the height of jump (P < 0.001), lameness (P = 0.03), stiff gait (P = 0.04) and the activity level (P = 0.02) when compared with the start and the end of the study period.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoarthritis is a clinical problem in cats , but overt lameness is not the most common clinical feature.

33. Hemodynamic effects of interpleural lidocaine and bupivacaine combination in anesthetized dogs with and without an open                       pericardium.

Authors : Bernard F, Kudnig ST, Monnet E 
Institution : Clinique Veterinaire, Neuilly sur Seine, France.
Source : Vet Surg. 2006 Apr;35(3):252-8.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To identify dysrhythmias and hemodynamic changes after lidocaine and bupivacaine infusion into the interpleural space with an open pericardium.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study.

ANIMALS: Six adult dogs.

METHODS: Systemic arterial pressure and electrocardiogram were recorded. A 7.5 Fr Swan-Ganz catheter was advanced to the level of the main pulmonary artery to record pulmonary arterial pressure. Cardiac output was measured by a thermodilution technique. A pericardial window (PW) was performed in 3 dogs using thoracoscopy. Hemodynamic variables were recorded before and 15 minutes after injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) into the pleural space in the control group and in the pericardial space for the PW group. A randomized-block ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of local anesthetic administration on hemodynamic and electrophysiologic variables in dogs with a pericardectomy. RESULTS: Each dog maintained sinus rhythm. Infusion of local anesthetic induced a significant increase in right ventricular diastolic pressure (P = .002) and a significant decrease in stroke volume (P = .047) in both groups; however, the effects were not significantly different between groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of lidocaine and bupivacaine, either intrapleural or in the pericardial space, had a mild detrimental effect on cardiac output.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intrapleural administration of lidocaine and bupivacaine at a therapeutic dose can be used safely in healthy dogs with a pericardectomy.

34. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl delivered transdermally in healthy adult horses --variability among horses and its clinical implications.

Authors : Orsini, J A. Moate, P J. Kuersten, K. Soma, L R. Boston, R C.
Institution : Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center , School of Veterinary Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Kennett Square, PA , USA .                                                              orsini@vet.upenn.edu
Source : Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 29(6):539-46, 2006 Dec.
Abstract :

The safety and pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, delivered transdermally at a dosage of 60-67 microg/kg, were investigated in six healthy adult horses .

Three transdermal fentanyl patches (Duragesic), each containing 10 mg of fentanyl citrate, were applied to the mid-dorsal thorax of each horse and left in place for 72 h. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were periodically measured throughout this period and for 12 h after patch removal. After an initial delay of approximately 2 h, the plasma fentanyl concentration rose rapidly in a fairly linear fashion, reaching a peak at around 12 h; thereafter, it gradually declined in a roughly linear manner over the next 72 h. There was much individual variation, however. The initial delay ranged from 0 to 5.1 h (mean, 1.91+/-2.0 h), Tcmax ranged from 8.5 to 14.5 h (mean, 11.4+/-2.7 h) and Cmax ranged from 0.67 to 5.12 ng/mL (mean, 2.77+/-1.92 ng/mL). In two horses , the plasma fentanyl concentration failed to reach even 1 ng/mL, whereas in the other four horses it was >1 ng/mL for at least 40 h and for at least 72 h in two of these horses .

No adverse effects attributable to fentanyl were observed in any of the horses , indicating that this dosage is safe in systemically healthy adult horses . However, it failed to achieve plasma fentanyl concentrations generally considered to be analgesic (>or=1 ng/mL) in about one-third of horses .

35. Canadian veterinarians' use of analgesics in cattle, pigs, and horses in 2004 and 2005.

Authors : Hewson, C.J. Dohoo, I.R. Lemke, K.A. Barkema, H.W.
Institution : Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Canada. 
Source : Canadian Veterinary Journal. 48(2):155-64, 2007 Feb.
Abstract :

36. A comparison of four methods of analgesia in cats following ovariohysterectomy.

Authors : Tobias, Karen M. Harvey, Ralph C. Byarlay, Judy M.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA .
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia . 33(6):390-8, 2006 Nov.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative administration of oral carprofen, subcutaneous ketoprofen, and local nerve block with bupivacaine in preventing postoperative pain -associated behavior in cats after ovariohysterectomy.

ANIMALS: Fifty-two female intact cats . Materials and methods Cats received butorphanol (0.44 mg kg(-1) IM), carprofen (2.2 mg kg(-1) PO ), ketoprofen (2.2 mg kg(-1) SQ), or bupivacaine infiltration block (1.1 mg kg(-1) SQ) before surgery. Cortisol and drug concentrations and visual analog scale (VAS) and interactive visual analog scale (IVAS) pain -associated behavior scores were measured 2 hours before and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after ovariohysterectomy.

RESULTS: Cats receiving butorphanol had significantly increased IVAS scores 2 hours after surgery compared with baseline measurement s. Cats receiving carprofen, ketoprofen, and bupivacaine had significant increases from baseline in VAS and IVAS scores 1 and 2 hours after surgery. VAS and IVAS scores for cats receiving bupivacaine were significantly greater 1 and 2 hours after surgery than for cats that received butorphanol. Cats receiving carprofen had significant increases in cortisol 1 hour after surgery and significant decreases 24 hours after surgery compared with baseline measurement s.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative carprofen and ketoprofen have effects on pain -associated behavior similar to butorphanol in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Cats receiving bupivacaine blocks may require additional analgesics immediately after surgery.

37. The effects of epidural deracoxib on the ground reaction forces in an acute stifle synovitis model.

Authors : Karnik, Priti S. Johnston, Spencer. Ward, Daniel. Broadstone, Richard. Inzana, Karen.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA. pkarnik@vt.edu
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 35(1):34-42, 2006 Jan.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of epidurally administered deracoxib to mediate the signs of a sodium urate crystal-induced stifle synovitis in dogs, and to compare the efficacy of epidural versus subcutaneously administered deracoxib.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled modified cross-over design.

ANIMALS: Random source, adult, mixed breed dogs (n = 24; 14 males, 10 females).

METHODS: Sodium urate crystals were used to create a stifle synovitis model to evaluate the efficacy of deracoxib. Dogs were divided into 4 groups: 3 mg/kg epidural deracoxib, 1.5 mg/kg epidural deracoxib, 3 mg/kg subcutaneous deracoxib, and a placebo (vehicle for deracoxib). Force plate and subjective evaluations were made at time 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-treatment. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons was used to determine significant treatment effects.

RESULTS: Peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were both significantly higher in deracoxib treated dog s compared with placebo. For 3 mg/kg epidural and subcutaneous deracoxib, PVF and VI were significantly greater than for 1.5 mg/kg epidural deracoxib. Overall pain score for all deracoxib-treated dogs was significantly lower than for placebo dogs.

CONCLUSIONS: Epidural administration of deracoxib is effective at providing analgesia in an acute joint pain model; however, it does not appear to be more effective than systemic administration. CLINICAL

RELEVANCE: Injectable deracoxib is effective in providing analgesia in acute inflammatory conditions of synovial joints.

38. Analgesic effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone in horses .

Authors : Natalini, Claudio C. Linardi, Renata L.
Institution : Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803,                       USA.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 67(1):11-5, 2006 Jan.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses.

ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses .

PROCEDURE: Horses were assigned to receive hydromorphone (0.04 mg/kg) or a control solution (20 mL of sterile water) administered epidurally into in the first intercoccygeal space. Treatments were administered at time intervals of > or = 7 days. Electrical stimulation was applied for 6 hours after epidural injection over the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions, and the avoidance threshold voltage was recorded.

RESULTS: Administration of sterile water did not change the avoidance threshold. Hydromorphone significantly increased the avoidance threshold by 20 minutes after injection, which lasted until 250 minutes after epidural administration in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions. Profound analgesia (avoidance threshold > 40 V) was achieved only in the perineal region at 60 minutes after epidural administration of hydromorphone. Analgesia for all dermatomes was considered moderate for 250 minutes after epidural injection.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Epidural administration of hydromorphone increases the avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation in the perineal, lumbar, sacral, and thoracic regions in horses for 250 minutes after injection. Hydromorphone epidural administration may prove useful in the management of horses with pain of moderate to mild intensity.

39. Evaluation of compliance among nursing staff in administration of prescribed analgesic drugs to critically ill dogs and cats.

Authors : Armitage EA . Wetmore LA . Chan DL . Lindsey JC .
Institution : Section of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227(3):425-9, 2005 Aug 1.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prescription of analgesic drugs to hospitalized critically ill dogs and cats and determine compliance of nursing staff in administering the prescribed analgesics.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

ANIMALS: 272 dogs and 79 cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit during a 2-month period.

PROCEDURE: Patient treatment orders were examined daily for details regarding prescribed and administered analgesic drugs.

RESULTS: A mean of 39% of cats and dogs in the intensive care unit were prescribed analgesic drugs each day, the most common of which were opioids. Local anesthetic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and ketamine were prescribed less frequently. Cats were less likely than dogs to receive analgesics after traumatic injury, but the difference was not significant. There was no difference between species in frequency of prescription of analgesic drugs after surgery. Most patients were prescribed a single class of analgesic drug; only 13% had orders for multiple analgesics. Of the patients for which analgesics were prescribed, 64% received them exactly as prescribed, 23% had at least 1 reduction in dosing, and 13% had at least 1 increase in dosing. When a decrease in dosing occurred, the drugs were opioids in each instance, whereas when drug dosing was increased, the drugs were of various types.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Discrepancies sometimes existed between the dose of analgesic prescribed and that administered. This appeared to occur primarily because of concerns about adverse effects of opioid drugs. Strategies to reduce these effects may improve pain management in critically ill dogs and cats.

40.Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nimesulide in goats.

Authors : Rao, GS. Malik, JK. Siddaraju, VB. Shankaramurthy, NC.
Institution : Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Source : Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 30(2):157-62, 2007 Apr.
Abstract :

The pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide were investigated in female goats following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 4 mg/kg BW. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture at predetermined times after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of nimesulide were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Plasma concentration-time data were subjected to compartmental analysis and pharmacokinetic parameters for nimesulide after i.v. and i.m. administration were calculated according to two- and one-compartment open models respectively. Following i.v. administration, a rapid distribution phase was followed by the slower elimination phase. The half-lives during the distribution phase (t1/2alpha) and terminal elimination phase (t1/2beta) were 0.11+/-0.10 and 7.99+/-2.23 h respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vd(ss)), total body clearance (ClB) and mean residence time (MRT) of nimesulide were 0.64+/-0.13 L/kg, 0.06+/-0.02 L/h/kg and 11.72+/-3.42 h respectively. After i.m. administration, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of nimesulide was 2.83+/-1.11 microg/mL attained at 3.6+/-0.89 h (tmax). Plasma drug levels were detectable up to 72 h. Following i.m. injection, the t1/2beta and MRT of nimesulide were 1.63 and 1.73 times longer, respectively, than the i.v. administration. The bioavailability of nimesulide was 68.25% after i.m. administration at 4 mg/kg BW. These pharmacokinetic data suggest that nimesulide given intramuscularly may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions in goats.

41. Gastrointestinal tract perforation in dogs treated with a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: 29 cases (2002-2003).

Authors : Lascelles BD. Blikslager AT. Fox SM. Reece D
Institution : Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606,                           USA.
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 227(7):1112-7, 2005 Oct 1.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with gastrointestinal tract perforation in dogs being treated with a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (deracoxib).

DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 29 dogs.

PROCEDURE: The Novartis Animal Health pharmacovigilance
database was searched for records of dogs treated with deracoxib in which gastrointestinal tract perforation was documented. Results-16 of the 29 (55%) dogs had received deracoxib at a dosage higher than that approved by the FDA for the particular indication being treated, with 25 (86%) dogs having received deracoxib at a dosage > 2 mg/kg/d (0.9 mg/lb/d). Seventeen (59%) dogs had received at least 1 other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a
corticosteroid in close temporal association (within 24 hours) with deracoxib administration (ie, immediately before or following). In all, 26 (90%) dogs had received deracoxib
at a higher-than-approved dosage or had received at least 1
other NSAID or corticosteroid in close temporal association with deracoxib administration. Twenty dogs died or were euthanatized, and 9 survived.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with gastrointestinal tract perforation and that had been treated with deracoxib, perforation was most likely attributable to a number of factors. Deracoxib should only be used at approved dosages. Cortico-steroids and other less selective NSAIDs should not be administered n close temporal association with selective COX-2
inhibitors, including deracoxib. Further study is required to define this problem.

42. Oral and intravenous administration of nimesulide in the horse: rational dosage regimen from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic      data.

Authors : Villa, R. Cagnardi, P. Belloli, C. Zonca, A. Zizzadoro, C. Ferro, E. Carli, S.
Institution  : Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 201333 Milan, Italy.
Source : Equine Veterinary Journal. 39(2):136-42,2007 Mar.
Abstract :

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The selective COX-2-inhibitor nimesulide is used extra-label in equine veterinary practice as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, there are no data on which to base the rational use of the drug in this species.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effective COX selectivity of nimesulide in the horse, and suggest a suitable dosing schedule.

METHODS: The pharmacokinetics of nimesulide in the horse after oral administration (1 mg/kg bwt), and oral and i.v. administration (1.5 mg/kg bwt) were investigated, effects of feeding status on bioavailability determined, and plasma protein binding of the drug and its principal metabolites measured. Compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. The plasma concentration-time profile was used, together with in vitro literature data on nimesulide inhibition of COX isoforms, to determine the effective COX selectivity of nimesulide in the horse, and suggest a suitable dosing schedule.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that 1.5 mg/kg bwt may produce adequate clinical effects, and the dosing interval should be 12-24 h depending on condition severity. However, at that dose, the concentration in the animal exceeds the in vitro IC50 for both isoforms, so that COX-1/COX-2 selectivity is lost and side-effects due to COX-1 inhibition are a possibility. Nimesulide should therefore be used with caution in equine clinical practice.

43.Analgesic effects of epidurally administered levogyral ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and                      postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Authors  : Acosta AD. Gomar C. Correa-Natalini C. Bopp S. Polydoro A. Sala-Blanch X.
Institution : Departamento de Anestesiologia and the Hospital Clinico, University of Barcelona , 08036 Barcelona , Spain .
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 66(1):54-61, 2005 Jan.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of epidurally administered levogyral (S[+]) ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: 30 dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Dogs in group 1 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg), dogs in group 2 received S(+) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and morphine (0.05 mg/kg), and dogs in group 3 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.025 mg/kg). The skin was incised 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, and arterial blood gases were obtained before anesthesia, 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics, 15 and 30 minutes after initiation of surgery, and at the end of surgery. During the intraoperative period, an increase of > or =20% in baseline values for HR, RR, and SBP was considered a sign of intraoperative pain. Signs of pain and adverse effects were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in intraoperative or postoperative measurements among the 3 groups. No dogs had intraoperative signs of pain. Mean postoperative pain assessment scores were <3.5 in all 3 groups. Salivation was the most frequent adverse effect in dogs in groups 1 and 3, and sedation occurred more frequently in dogs in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All 3 analgesic regimens provided good respiratory and cardiovascular stability intraoperatively and adequate postoperative analgesia with minimal adverse effects.

44. Anaesthesia and analgesia for dogs and cats in South Africa undergoing sterilisation and with osteoarthritis- an update from 2000.

Authors : Joubert K.E.
Institution : Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care Services, Kyalami, South Africa.
Source : Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 77(4):224-228. 2006 Dec.
Abstract :

A survey was conducted in 2000 into the use of analgesic drugs by veterinarians in South Africa . This survey was repeated in 2005 to establish whether the use of analgesic drugs has increased and which analgesic drugs are being used for acute pain and osteoarthritis. The number of sterilisations performed and the number of new cases of osteoarthritis in dogs and cats was estimated. It is estimated that approximately 260000 cats are operated on each year in South Africa and that 150000 cats are sterilised. Five hundred thousand dogs undergo surgery, of which 242000 are sterilised. It appears that the number of surgical procedures performed in South Africa has decreased. The estimated death rate following anaesthesia has remained unchanged at 1:1004. Overall, the use of analgesics by South African veterinarians has increased significantly. Fifty-six per cent of cats and 74% of dogs were given peri-operative analgesics but this increased to 94% and 84% after including pre-anaesthetic medications with analgesic properties. The use of opioids (morphine and buprenorphine) and propofol has increased significantly. Approximately 253000 dogs and 33000 cats with osteoarthritis are seen by veterinarians in South Africa annually. The recognition by veterinarians of osteoarthritis in cats appears to be poor and is in need of attention. Carprofen and glucosamine/chondroitin are the most commonly used agents for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Details of the drugs used by veterinarians are given. Knowledge of analgesic drugs has increased significantly over the last 5 years. Continuing education is thought to have played an important role in the changes reported in this study.

45. Plasma concentration and local anesthetic activity of procaine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration to horses.

Authors : Kuchembuck NL. Colahan PT. Zientek KD. Pirman DA. Wegner K. Cole CA.
Institution : Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Racing Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610. 
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 68(5):495-500, 2007 May.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine the durations of the local anesthetic effect and plasma procaine concentrations associated with 5- and 10-mg doses of procaine hydrochloride (with or without 100 microg of epinephrine) administered SC over the lateral palmar digital nerves of horses.

ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses.

PROCEDURE: The hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL) period was determined by use of a focused heat lamp before and after administration of procaine with and without epinephrine. Blood samples were collected immediately before determination of each HWRL period to assess plasma concentrations of procaine via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS).

RESULTS: 10 but not 5 mg of procaine alone and 5 and 10 mg of procaine administered with epinephrine significantly prolonged the HWRL period (mean durations of effect, 5, 120 and 180 minutes, respectively), compared with baseline values. Plasma procaine concentrations did not correlate well with local anesthetic activity; for example, although the HWRL was prolonged to the maximum permitted duration of 20 seconds at 60 to 180 minutes following administration of the 5-mg dose of procaine with epinephrine in certain horses, plasma procaine concentrations were less than the limit of quantitation of the LC-MS-MS assay.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Small doses of procaine coadministered with epinephrine provided long-lasting local analgesia and resulted in plasma procaine concentrations that were not always detectable via LC-MS-MS. On the basis of these results, the use of regulatory limits or thresholds for procaine concentration in equine plasma samples obtained after racing should be seriously reconsidered.

46. Use of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation.

Authors : Radlinsky MG . Mason DE . Roush JK . Pineda R .
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA. 
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 34(3):273-82, 2005 May-Jun.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether addition of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine would improve postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation.

DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.

ANIMALS: 16 dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation (12 unilaterally and 4 bilaterally with > 1 month between procedures).

PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to receive morphine (0.25 mg/kg [0.11 mg/lb]) at the end of the procedure (10 procedures) or morphine and a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine (0.13 to 0.21 mg/kg/h [0.06 to 0.1 mg/lb/h]; 10 procedures). Dogs were observed for 48 hours after surgery. Additional doses of morphine were administered up to every 4 hours in dogs with signs of severe pain .

RESULTS: Temperament, sedation, analgesia, and cumulative pain scores were not significantly different between groups any time after surgery. Recovery score was significantly higher for dogs that received bupivacaine than for control dogs 2 hours after extubation but not at any other time. Serum cortisol concentration was not significantly different between groups at any time but, in both groups, was significantly increased at the time of extubation, compared with all other observation times. Total number of additional doses of morphine administered was not significantly different between groups. Bupivacaine was not detected in the plasma of any of the dogs that received the local bupivacaine infusion.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that addition of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine did not significantly increase the degree of postoperative analgesia in dogs that underwent total ear canal ablation and were given morphine at the end of surgery.

47. Effects of subcutaneous methadone, morphine, buprenorphine or saline on thermal and pressure thresholds in cats .

Authors : Steagall, P V M. Carnicelli, P. Taylor, P M. Luna, S P L. Dixon, M. Ferreira, T H.
Institution : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil . pvms2001@yahoo.com.br
Source : Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 29(6):531-7, 2006 Dec.
Abstract :

This study compared pressure and thermal thresholds after administration of three opioid s in eight cats . Pressure stimulation was performed via a bracelet taped around the forearm. Three ball-bearings were advanced against the forearm by inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder. Pressure in the cuff was recorded at the end point (leg shake and head turn). Thermal threshold was tested as previously reported using a heated probe held against the thorax [Dixon et al. (2002) Research in Veterinary Science, 72, 205]. After baseline recordings, each cat received subcutaneous methadone 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg, buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg or saline 0.3 mL in a four period cross-over study. Measurement s were made at 15, 30, 45 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after the injection. Data were analysed by anova (P<0.05).

There were no significant changes in thresholds after saline. Thermal threshold increased at 45 min after buprenorphine (maximum 2.8+/-3 degrees C), 1-3 h after methadone (maximum 3.4+/-1.9 degrees C) and 45 min to 1 h (maximum 3.4+/-2 degrees C) after morphine. Pressure threshold increased 30-45 min (maximum 238+/-206 mmHg) after buprenorphine, 45-60 min after methadone (maximum 255+/-232 mmHg) and 45-60 min and 3-6 h (maximum 255+/-232 mmHg) after morphine.

Morphine provided the best analgesia , and methadone appears a promising alternative. Buprenorphines limited effect was probably related to the subcutaneous route of administration. Previously, buprenorphine has produced much greater effects when given by other routes.

48. Effects of buprenorphine on nociception and spontaneous locomotor activity in horses.

Authors : Carregaro, AB. Luna, SP. Mataqueiro, MI. de Querioz-Neto, A.
Institution : School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, 18618-000, Brazil.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 68(3):246-50, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To investigate spontaneous locomotor activity ( SLA ) and antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine in horses.

ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses.

PROCEDURES: Horses received each of 3 treatments (10 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, 5 microg of buprenorphine/kg, or 10 microg of buprenorphine/kg).Treatments were administered IV. Order of treatments was randomized, and there was a 10-day interval between subsequent treatments. Spontaneous locomotor activity was investigated in a behavioral box by use of infrared photoelectric sensors connected to a computer, which detected movement of each horse. Antinociceptive effect was investigated by hoof-withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL) and skin-twitching reflex latency (STRL) after painful stimulation with a heat lamp.

RESULTS: Moderate excitement was observed in all horses from 5 to 10 minutes after the administration of both dosages of buprenorphine. The SLA increased significantly for 6 and 14 hours after IV administration of 5 and 10 microg of buprenorphine/kg, respectively. Values for HWRL increased significantly only at 30 minutes after injection of 5 microg of buprenorphine/kg, whereas STRL and HWRL each increased significantly from 1 to 6 hours (except at 2 and 4 hours) and 11 hours, respectively, after injection of 10 microg of buprenorphine/kg.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IV injection of buprenorphine caused a dose-dependent increase in SLA , but only the dose of 10 microg/kg induced analgesia on the basis of results for the experimental method used.

49. Characteristics of pain and response to analgesic treatment in dogs and cats examined at a veterinary teaching hospital emergency       service.

Authors : Wiese AJ . Muir WW 3rd . Wittum TE
Institution : Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA.
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 226(12):2004-9, 2005 Jun 15.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and characteristics of pain in dogs and cats examined by an emergency service at a veterinary teaching hospital and evaluate the response of dogs and cats with signs of pain to analgesic treatment.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

ANIMALS: 317 dogs and 112 cats.

PROCEDURE: A questionnaire was used to categorize the characteristics of pain . The location, cause, and signs of pain were determined by obtaining a thorough history and conducting a physical examination. Pain was categorized by type (superficial somatic, deep somatic, or visceral), mechanism (inflammatory, neuropathic, or both), severity (mild, moderate, or severe), and duration. Evidence for primary or secondary hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to manipulation was determined. The response to single or multiple analgesic drug administration was assessed.

RESULTS: 179 (56%) dogs and 60 (54%) cats had signs of pain . In most of these dogs and cats, pain was classified as acute (< 24 hours' duration) and of moderate severity and was associated with primary hypersensitivity. Most dogs had deep somatic pain ; most cats had visceral pain . Inflammation was the most common mechanism. One hundred nineteen (66%) dogs and 41 (68%) cats were treated with analgesic drugs. Analgesic treatment was considered effective in 73 (61%) dogs and 31 (76%) cats.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that moderate to severe acute somatic pain caused by inflammation is common in dogs and cats examined by an emergency service and that a combination of multiple analgesic drugs is more effective than any single analgesic drug in the treatment of pain in these dogs and cats.

50. Evaluation of epidural administration of morphine or morphine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after premedication with       an opioid analgesic and orthopedic surgery in dogs

Authors : Kona-Boun, Jean-Jacques. Cuvelliez, Sophie. Troncy, Eric.
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 229(7):1103-12, 2006 Oct 1.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of epidural administration of morphine or a morphine-bupivacaine combination administered before orthopedic surgery in dog s that received opioid premedication.

DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study. ANIMALS: 36 healthy adult dog s that underwent elective orthopedic surgery on a pelvic limb.

PROCEDURES: Each dog received 1 of 3 epidural treatments before surgery. Anesthetic and supportive care protocols were standardized. Dog s under going different surgical procedures were randomly allocated among the 3 treatment groups. Respiratory and cardiovascular variables, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, and requirements for rescue analgesia were monitored. Postsurgical analgesia was evaluated with a multiparametric pain scoring system and by determination of rescue analgesia requirements and cortisolemia.

RESULTS: The morphine-bupivacaine combination was associated with lower values than morphine or a saline solution for intraoperative arterial blood pressure; minimum and maximum isoflurane requirements; and postoperative pain scores, rescue analgesia requirements, and plasma cortisol concentrations. Values obtained after administration of morphine alone were not significantly different from those obtained after administration of saline solution for most variables.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The preoperative epidurally administered morphine-bupivacaine combination induced better analgesia than morphine alone and should be considered for use in clinical patients. The degree of hemodynamic depression associated with the combination was considered acceptable for healthy patients undergoing elective surgery.

51.Response of hypotensive dogs to dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride during deep isoflurane anesthesia.

Authors : Rosati M. Dyson D.H. Sinclair M.D. Sears W.C.
Institution : Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 68(5):483-494, 2007 May.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose-related cardiovascular and urine output (UrO) effects of dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride, administered individually and in combination at various ratios, and identify individual doses that achieve target mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; 70 mm Hg) and cardiac index (CI; 150 mL/kg/min) in dogs during deep isoflurane anesthesia.

ANIMALS: 10 young clinically normal dogs.

PROCEDURES: Following isoflurane equilibration at a baseline MAP of 50 mm Hg on 3 occasions, dogs randomly received IV administration of dopamine (3, 7, 10, 15, and 20 microg/kg/min), dobutamine (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 microg/kg/min), and dopamine-dobutamine combinations (3.5:1, 3.5:4, 7:2, 14:1, and 14:4 microg/kg/min) in a crossover study. Selected cardiovascular and UrO effects were determined following 20-minute infusions at each dose.

RESULTS: Dopamine caused significant dose-dependent responses and achieved target MAP and CI at 7 microg/kg/min; dobutamine at 2 microg/kg/min significantly affected only CI values. At any dose, dopamine significantly affected UrO, whereas dobutamine did not. Target MAP and CI values were achieved with a dopamine-dobutamine combination at 7:2 microg/kg/min; a dopamine-related dose response for MAP and dopamine- and dobutamine-related dose responses for CI were identified. Changes in UrO were associated with dopamine only.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

In isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, a guideline dose for dopamine of 7 microg/kg/min is suggested; dobutamine alone did not improve MAP. Data regarding cardiovascular and UrO effects indicated that the combination of dopamine and dobutamine did not provide greater benefit than use of dopamine alone in dogs.

52.Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of          propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Authors : Almeida, Tatiana F, Fantoni, Denise T, Mastrocinque, Sandra, Tatarunas, Angelica C, Imagawa, Viviane H.
Institution : Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil .
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 230(1):45-51, 2007 Jan 1.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular and systemic effects and analgesia during the postoperative period of epidural anesthesia performed with bupivacaine alone or with fentanyl or sufentanil in bitches maintained at a light plane of anesthesia with continuous infusion of propofol.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized masked clinical trial.

ANIMALS: 30 female dogs of various breeds.

PROCEDURES: Dogs were allocated into 3 groups of 10 each. One group received fentanyl (2 microg/kg [0.91 microg/lb]) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]), 1 group received sufentanil (1 microg/kg) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg), and 1 group received bupivacaine (1 mg/kg). All dog s received acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb]) and continuous infusion of propofol for sedation. The agents were administered into the lumbosacral space and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution to a total volume of 0.36 mL/kg (0.164 mL/lb). Cardiac and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, pH, and blood gases were evaluated. Analgesia , sedation level, serum cortisol concentrations, and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured regularly for 6 hours.

RESULTS: No important changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, or sedation variables were observed. Degree of analgesia in the postoperative period was higher in the sufentanil group, although use of fentanyl and bupivacaine also resulted in a sufficient level of analgesia .

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the 3 anesthetic techniques permitted ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia and acceptable neuroendocrine modulation of pain with minimal adverse effects.

53. Effect of meloxicam and carprofen on renal function when administered to healthy dogs prior to anesthesia and painful stimulation.

Authors : Crandell DE. Mathews KA. Dyson DH.
Institution : Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 65(10):1384-90, 2004 Oct.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs meloxicam or carprofen to healthy dogs that were subsequently anesthetized and subjected to painful electrical stimulation has adverse effects on renal function as measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and evaluation of serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. ANIMALS: 6 male and 6 female healthy young-adult Beagles. PROCEDURE: A study was conducted in accordance with a randomized crossover Latin-square design. One of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, 0.2 mg of meloxicam/kg, or 4.0 mg of carprofen/kg) was administered i.v. 1 hour before anesthesia was induced by use of drugs in accordance with a standard anesthetic protocol (butorphanol tartrate and acepromazine maleate as preanesthetic medications, ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam for induction, and maintenance with isoflurane). Anesthetized dogs were subjected to intermittent electrical stimulation for 30 minutes. Direct, mean arterial blood pressure; heart rate; and respiratory rate were monitored. End-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained at 1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration. The GFR, as measured by plasma clearance of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and serum concentrations of serum and creatinine were determined 24 hours after induction of anesthesia. RESULTS: Neither meloxicam nor carprofen significantly affected GFR or serum concentrations of urea and creatinine, compared with values for the saline treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When administered 1 hour before onset of anesthesia and painful electrical stimulation, meloxicam or carprofen did not cause clinically important alterations of renal function in young healthy dogs.

54. Development of a retrobulbar injection technique for ocular surgery and analgesia in dogs.

Authors : Accola, Peter J. Bentley, Ellison. Smith, Lesley J. Forrest, Lisa J. Baumel, Cheryl A. Murphy, Christopher J.
Institution : Veterinary Emergency Service, Middleton , WI 53562 , USA .
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 229(2):220-5, 2006 Jul 15.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To develop and compare 3 techniques for retrobulbar injection of local anesthetic agents for ocular surgery and analgesia in dogs.

DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 17 dogs (including 9 cadavers).

PROCEDURES: Inferior-temporal palpebral (ITP), perimandibular, and combined superior-inferior peribulbar injection techniques were compared by assessing the distribution of latex after injection into the orbits of 5 canine cadavers; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the distribution of contrast agent after injection in the retrobulbar space of 4 canine cadavers; and assessment of the efficacy and MRI evaluation of the anatomic distribution of injections of a lidocainecontrast agent mixture in 4 anesthetized, nonrecovery dog s. By use of the preferred technique (ITP), the ocular effects of lidocaine anesthesia were evaluated in 4 dog s; during a 2-week period after treatment, dogs underwent ophthalmic examination, Schirmer tear testing (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement , and Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry.

RESULTS: Of the 3 techniques, the ITP technique was the preferred method for retrobulbar administration of anesthetic agent in dog s because it was efficacious (pupil dilation and central rotation of the globe achieved in all eyes), easiest to perform, and provided thorough coverage of the intraconal retrobulbar space without complication. During the 2-week follow-up period, the ITP injection did not significantly affect STT, IOP, or Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry values in dogs.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dog s, retrobulbar administration of anesthetic agents via the ITP technique is a potential alternative to systemic administration of neuromuscular blocking agents for ophthalmic surgery and provides the additional benefit of local ocular analgesia .

55. Assessing the efficacy of perioperative oral carprofen after cranial cruciate surgery using noninvasive, objective pressure platform       gait analysis.

Authors : Horstman CL. Conzemius MG. Evans R. Gordon WJ.
Institution : Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. chrishorstman@yahoo.com
Title : Assessing the efficacy of perioperative oral carprofen after cranial cruciate surgery using noninvasive, objective pressure platform gait analysis.
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 33(3):286-92, 2004 May-Jun.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To document, using pressure platform gait analysis, the effect of perioperative oral carprofen on limb function and pain after cranial cruciate ligament surgery in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, prospective clinical investigation. ANIMALS: Twenty dogs with naturally occurring unilateral cranial cruciate disease. PROCEDURE: Physiologic indices, subjective pain scoring, and pressure platform gait analyses were performed before and 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Correlations were assessed between methods of evaluation and the data was compared across treatment groups. RESULTS: No strong correlations were noted between physiologic data, subjective scoring systems, or gait analysis data at a walk or stance. Although average measures of limb function were nearly twice as large in dogs treated with carprofen, no significant differences between groups over time were identified. No significant differences were noted in any other measure of pain or limb function. Power analysis of peak vertical force at a walk indicated that significant difference would have been detected had the number of dogs in each group been increased to 35. CONCLUSION: When limb function was assessed with pressure platform gait analysis no statistical difference was noted between groups with respect to PVF and VI at a walk or stance, although average ground reaction forces for dogs in the carprofen group were greater than the traditional pain management group at all time points. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral carprofen appears to provide some benefit for the treatment of postoperative orthopedic pain.

56. Development of a questionnaire to measure the effects of chronic pain on health-related quality of life in dogs.

Authors : Wiseman-Orr ML. Nolan AM. Reid J. Scott EM.
Institution : Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G61 1QH.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 65(8):1077-84, 2004 Aug.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable, validated questionnaire that can be used for the assessment of chronic pain and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 17 owners of dogs that had chronic pain associated with chronic degenerative joint disease and 165 other dog owners. PROCEDURES: Psychometric methods were used to identify relevant domains, create an item pool, select and validate items, and construct and preliminarily test a structured questionnaire. Relevant domains were identified through semi structured interviews. Descriptor-generating exercises provided the terms owners used to describe these domains and formed an item pool. A selection from this pool was validated and used to construct a questionnaire that underwent preliminary testing. RESULTS: The structured questionnaire contained 109 simple, familiar, descriptive terms associated with good health or chronic pain (most describing subtle aspects of behavior that owners interpreted as expressions of subjective experiences of their dogs) for 13 possible HRQL domains. Each descriptor was associated with a 7-point numeric scale. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The questionnaire was intended to facilitate rapid, sensitive, and accurate rating of a comprehensive range of relevant domains by naive raters with minimal burden on respondents. The principles underlying the development and design of this structured questionnaire offer a novel approach to the proxy measurement of HRQL and changes in HRQL associated with chronic pain for a range of animal species. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE: This novel approach may be applicable to other nonverbal populations (eg, young children or elderly people with cognitive impairment).

57. Pressure algometry to quantify muscle pain in race horses with suspected sacroiliac dysfunction.

Authors : Varcoe-Cocks, K. Sagar, K N. Jeffcott, L B. McGowan, C M. .
Institution  : Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland
Source : Equine Veterinary Journal. 38(6):558-62, 2006 Nov.
Abstract :

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Despite the prevalence of orthopaedic injuries to horses , there is no objective means of quantifying the intensity of musculoskeletal pain.

HYPOTHESES: Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) can be measured repeatably by pressure algometry in horses and MNTs are correlated with both severity of clinical signs and subjective scores of muscle pain on palpation in horses with suspected sacroiliac dysfunction (SID).

METHODS: The technique of pressure algometry and its repeatability was tested at 4 anatomical sites on either side of the thoracolumbar and pelvic region in 12 Thoroughbreds in training. In a second series of 15 racing Thoroughbreds, using a different set of landmarks, pain on palpation was assessed by pressure algometry. Horses were grouped based on clinical scores of SID as normal (n = 5), mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 4) and severe (n = 1) suspected SID and scored for muscle pain response by manual palpation.

RESULTS: Pressure algometry was shown to be a repeatable measure of MNTs. Horses with suspected SID had significantly lower mean MNT when sites and horses were pooled and showed greater differences in mean algometer measurement s between left and right sides, compared to control horses . A significant correlation was found between mean pressure algometry measurement s and both suspected SID grade and muscle pain response on palpation.

CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Horses with suspected SID displayed lower MNTs compared to control horses , especially in the pelvic region. This supports a potential role for pressure algometry in providing an objective means of quantifying musculoskeletal pain reflected as a reduced MNT associated with SID and its response to physiotherapy or other treatments.

58. The effects of preoperative extradural bupivacaine and morphine on the stress response in dog s undergoing femoro-tibial joint               surgery.

Authors : Sibanda, Sithembile. Hughes, J M Lynne. Pawson, Patricia E. Kelly, Gabrielle. Bellenger, Christopher R.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Surgery, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. sithembiles@hotmail.com
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia . 33(4):246-57, 2006 Jul.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative extradural bupivacaine and morphine in attenuating the stress response in dog s undergoing femoro-tibial joint surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. Animal population Twelve client-owned dog s undergoing surgery for either repair of cruciate ligament rupture (ten) or correction of luxating patella (two). Body masses ranged from 12 to 45 kg (mean: 28.58 +/- 18.38). Age ranged from 19 to 121 months (mean: 66.5 +/- 49.5).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six of the dog s received extradural bupivacaine (up to 1.5 mg kg(-1)) combined with morphine (0.1 mg kg(-1); ED) while the other six received no extradural analgesia (C). The levels of cortisol, acute phase proteins (APPs), and red and white blood cell variables were measured in both groups of dog s before, and at various times after surgery. Pain was also assessed at various times after surgery. The number of postoperative morphine doses required, and their time of administration, was recorded for each animal. Method of statistical analysis Data were analysed using anova for repeated measures with p-values of <0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS: Cortisol levels in the ED group were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of the control group at the end of surgery. No statistically significant differences were found in APPs or red and white cell variables between dog s receiving, and those not receiving extradural bupivacaine and morphine. Four dog s in the control group and one in the ED group required postoperative morphine.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pre-emptive extradural bupivacaine and morphine was effective in lowering the neuroendocrine stress response (cortisol) in the ED group but had no effect on the inflammatory response (acute phase response).

59. Monitoring of the ventilatory status of anesthetized birds of prey by using end-tidal carbon dioxide measured with a microstream               capnometer.  

Authors : Desmarchelier M. Rondenay Y. Fitzgerald G. Lair S.
Institution : Service de médecine zoologique, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinth, Québec,                                   Canada.
Source : Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38(1):1-6, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

The relationship between end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and blood pH in isoflurane-anesthetized raptors was evaluated. PaCO2 and pH were determined in serial arterial samples from isoflurane anesthetized birds and compared with concurrent end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide measured with a Microstream sidestream capnograph. Forty-eight paired samples, taken from 11 birds of prey (weighing 416-2,062 g), were used to determine correlations coefficients between PaCO2 and PETCO2, and between PETCO2 and pH. Limits of agreement between PaCO2 and PETCO2 also were calculated. Strong correlations were observed between PaCO2 and PETCO2 (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001) as well as between PETCO2 and pH (r = -0.90; P < 0.0001). However, the level of agreement between PaCO2 and PETCO2 varied considerably. Low values of PETCO2, ranging from 18 to 29 mm Hg, exceeded the concomitantly measured values of PaCO2 by an average of 6.0 mm Hg (6.0 +/- 1.9 mm Hg; mean +/- SD). Conversely, high values of PETCO2, ranging from 50 to 63 mm Hg, were on average 7.6 mm Hg (7.6 +/- 9.8 mm Hg) lower than values of PaCO2. In the 30 to 49 mm Hg range for PETCO2, the difference between PETCO2 and PaCO2 was on average 1.0 mm Hg (1.0 +/- 8.5 mm Hg). These results suggest that the capnograph used provided a sufficiently accurate estimation of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide for birds weighing > 400 g and receiving manual positive ventilation with a Bain system. In our study, the linear relationship observed between the pH and the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide suggested that the monitoring of end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide also can be useful to prevent respiratory acidosis.

60. Ketamine improves the management of exaggerated postoperative pain observed in perioperative fentanyl-treated rats.

Authors : Richebe P. Rivat C. Laulin JP. Maurette P. Simonnet G.
Institution : Departement d'Anesthesie et Reanimation III, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Bordeaux , France .
Source : Anesthesiology. 102(2):421-8, 2005 Feb.
Abstract :

61. Eugenol for anesthesia of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis).

Authors : Guénette S.A. Hélie P. Beaudry F. Vachon P.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 34(3):164-170. 2007 May.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of anesthesia attained in Xenopus laevis frogs with eugenol at different doses and by different routes of administration.

DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial.

ANIMALS: Sixty X. laevis nonbreeding female frogs weighing between 90 and 140 g.

METHODS: Three different routes of administration were tested - subcutaneous injections into the dorsal lymph sacs, topical administration using a gauze patch, and immersion in a bath containing eugenol. Following the determination of the best route of administration, the acetic acid test, the withdrawal reflex, righting reflex, heart rate, and respiratory frequency were used to evaluate central nervous system depression following eugenol bath administration. In an additional group, the response to a surgical incision of the abdominal wall was evaluated. The pharmacokinetics of eugenol were determined following bath immersion administration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated following blood concentration determination by tandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses.

RESULTS: It was not possible to induce anethesia with subcutaneous and patch administration, independent of the eugenol dose administered. The immersion bath was the only efficacious route for anesthesia inducing surgical anesthesia for at least 30 minutes with postoperative analgesia. Histopathology of selected tissues (heart, lung, liver, kidneys, eyes) showed no evidence of lesions 24 hours following bath immersion. The elimination half-life (T(1/2)) was 4 hours.

CONCLUSIONS : When administered as a single-bath immersion (dose 350 mg L(-1)) for 15 minutes, eugenol may serve as an effective anesthetic in X. laevis frogs for short surgical procedures.

62. Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats.

Authors : Lascelles BD. Robertson SA.
Institution : Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
Title : Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 65(8):1085-9, 2004 Aug.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the antinociceptive actions of several doses of butorphanol by use of a thermal threshold testing device specifically designed for cats. ANIMALS: 6 domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: The study was a masked, randomized, crossover design. Thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. A small probe containing a heater element and temperature sensor was held with consistent contact against a shaved area of the cat's skin with an elasticized band. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, prior to activation of the heater. On detection of a response (eg, the cat flinched, turned, or jumped), the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature recorded. Three baseline measurements were recorded before IV injection of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. Each cat received all doses in a randomized order at least 1 week apart. The investigator was unaware of the treatmen!
t received. Thermal thresholds were measured every 15 minutes for 6 hours. RESULTS: Mean+/-SD pretreatment threshold temperature for all cats was 40.8+/-2.2 degrees C. There were no dose-related differences among treatments. There was a significant increase in threshold values for all treatments from 15 to 90 minutes after injection. Mydriasis was detected in all cats after treatment with butorphanol and dysphoric behavior was frequently exhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results obtained by use of a thermal stimulus indicated that the duration of antinociceptive action of butorphanol was 90 minutes and there was no dose-response relationship in cats.

63. Intercostal thoracotomy closure: transcostal sutures as a less painful alternative to circumcostal suture placement.

Authors : Rooney MB. Mehl M. Monnet E.
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 33(3):209-13, 2004 May-Jun.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine if transcostal thoracotomy closure resulted in less pain than circumcostal closure. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental cadaver and prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Two canine cadavers and 13 adult, 22-29 kg dogs. METHODS: Phase 1: In 2 cadavers, 4 suture passage techniques were evaluated to determine the incidence of nerve entrapment in circumcostal intercostal thoracotomy closure. Phase 2: Pain after circumcostal closure (7 dogs) or transcostal closure (6 dogs) of a 4th intercostal space thoracotomy was evaluated by use of pain threshold scores, fentanyl administration rates, heart and respiratory rates, and numerical ratings for behavior. Arterial blood gas analyses were obtained 4 hours postoperatively. Transcostal closure was accomplished by drilling 5-6 small holes in the 5th rib and passing sutures through the holes and around the 4th rib to achieve closure. Pain threshold scores (PTS) were measured by an observer unaware of closure assignment, at: 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after closure by applying slowly increasing pressure to the incision line using a load cell. Rates of fentanyl administration were adjusted based on subjective impressions of dog comfort by a second observer unaware of closure assignment. RESULTS: A 70-100% incidence of nerve entrapment was found for all circumcostal techniques. PTS was higher (P=.045) and fentanyl infusion rates were lower (P=.001) for the transcostal group at 2, 4, 12, and 24 hour postoperatively compared with the circumcostal group. CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of nerve entrapment using circumcostal closure techniques. A transcostal technique appears to be associated with less pain during the first 24 hours postoperatively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on lower pain scores, transcostal thoracotomy closure may be preferable to circumcostal closure techniques.

63.The effect of lidocaine on postoperative jejunal motility in normal horses.

Authors : Milligan M. Beard W. Kukanich B. Sobering T. Waxman S.
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences, Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
Source : Vet Surg. 36(3):214-220. 2007 April.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of lidocaine on the duration of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and Phases I, II, and III of the MMC, spiking activity of the jejunum, and number of Phase III events when administered postoperatively to normal horses.

STUDY DESIGN: Nonrandomized cross-over design.

ANIMALS: Sixty X. laevis nonbreeding female frogs weighing between 90 and 140 g.

METHODS: Horses were anesthetized and via flank laparotomy 4 silver-silver chloride bipolar electrodes were sutured to the proximal jejunum. Electrical activity was recorded for 6 hours during 3 recording sessions beginning 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was administered for 3 hours followed by lidocaine administration for 3 hours (1.3 mg/kg bolus intravenously [IV], 0.05 mg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion).

RESULTS: Duration of MMC was unchanged during lidocaine administration (77 minutes-saline versus 105 minutes-lidocaine, P=.16). Durations of Phase I and II were unchanged during lidocaine administration (P=.19 and .056, respectively). Phase III was shorter during lidocaine administration (P=.002). Spiking activity was unchanged at all time periods during lidocaine administration (24 hours-P=.10; 48 hours-P=.95; and 72 hours-P=.12). The number of Phase III events was unchanged over all time periods during lidocaine administration (P=.053).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Duration of MMC, spiking activity, and number of Phase III events was unchanged during lidocaine administration. Use of lidocaine as a prokinetic agent cannot be supported by this study in normal horses; however, results may differ in clinically affected horses.

64. Comparison of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia in orthotopic pig-to-baboon cardiac xenotransplantation.

Authors : Bauer A. Baschnegger H. Renz V. Brandl U. Brenner P. Thein E. Reichart B. Schmoeckel M. Christ F.
Institution : Clinic for Anaesthesiology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Source : Xenotransplantation 14(3):249-254, 2007 May.
Abstract :

BACKGROUND: Orthotopic pig-to-baboon xenogeneic heart transplantation (oXHTx) is the only accepted preclinical animal model for cardiac xenotransplantation. We compared the hemodynamic stability of a propofol- and isoflurane-based anesthetic regimen during oXHTx.

METHODS: Hearts from 12 hDAF or hCD46 transgenic pigs (Sus scrofa; body weight 7 to 32 kg) were transplanted into baboons (Papio anubis and Papio hamadryas; body weight 9 to 26 kg) in the orthotopic life-supporting position. Animals received a propofol-based intravenous regimen or inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane. Analgesia was achieved with fentanyl in both groups. Systemic hemodynamic variables were measured before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the need for inotropic or vasoactive pharmacological support was compared before and after CPB.

RESULTS: Global hemodynamic variables [i.e. heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac output] were not significantly different in propofol-anesthetized baboons compared to baboons anesthetized with isoflurane. Baboons anesthetized with isoflurane showed a trend towards less pharmacological support required to achieve an adequate MAP of >60 mmHg after CPB (propofol: epinephrine 0.13 [0.05; 0.16] and norepinephrine 0.15 [0.02; 0.16] microg/kg/min vs. isoflurane: epinephrine 0.05 [0.02; 0.08] and norepinephrine 0.06 [0.02; 0.19] microg/kg/min; no significant difference).

CONCLUSIONS: Propofol and isoflurane appear to provide equal hemodynamic stability in orthotopic cardiac pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation prior to the start of CPB. The trend of a reduced catecholamine support needed after CPB, however, suggests that isoflurane may be the preferred drug for maintenance of anesthesia in this primate model.

65.Evaluation of lidocaine treatment and risk factors for death associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs: 112 cases                      (1997-2005).

Authors : Buber T. Saragusty J. Ranen E. Epstein A. Bdolah-Abram T. Bruchim Y.
Institution : School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 35(1):34-42, 2006 Jan.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical features, outcome, risk factors for death, and efficacy of IV administration of lidocaine as a prophylactic treatment for ischemic reperfusion injury in gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 112 dogs with GDV.

PROCEDURES: Data pertaining to breed; time lag to admission; clinical, clinicopathologic, and surgical findings; lidocaine treatment; and postoperative complications were assessed for association with outcome.

RESULTS: German Shepherd Dogs (28.6%) and Great Danes (17%) were significantly over-represented. Risk factors for death included time lag (> or = 5 hours vs < 5 hours) from onset of clinical signs to admission (46.0% vs 11.3%), rectal temperature (< or = 38 degrees C vs > 38 degrees C [< 100.4 degrees F vs > 100.4 degrees F]) at admission (40.0% vs 14.9%), presence or absence of ARF (67.0% vs 23.3%), presence or absence of suspected gastric wall necrosis (59.3% vs 16.0%), and untreated gastric wall necrosis, compared with treated gastric wall necrosis (100% vs 47.6%). Overall mortality rate was 26.8%; no significant differences were detected in mortality rate or postoperative complications between dogs that received lidocaine IV prior to surgical intervention (52.0%) and dogs that did not (48.0%). Mean +/- SD hospitalization time was longer in the lidocaine treatment group (3.5 +/- 1.9 days vs 2.5 +/- 1.4 days).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Presence of the identified risk factors should warrant aggressive treatment. Lidocaine treatment was not associated with mortality rate or postoperative complications, but was associated with prolonged hospitalization time. Injectable deracoxib is effective in providing analgesia in acute inflammatory conditions of synovial joints.

66. Comparison of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy compared with median                   celiotomy and ligation in dogs .

Authors : Hancock RB, Lanz OI, Waldron DR, Duncan RF, Broad Hendrix PK.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 34(3):273-82, 2005 May-Jun.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy (HALO) and traditional ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in dogs .

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, blinded, prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION:Sixteen, purpose-bred, intact female, Beagle dogs .

METHODS: Dogs were divided into 2 groups:Group 1 (8 dogs ), which had OVH by HALO, and Group 2 (8 dogs ), which had traditional OVH. Physiologic data, abdominal nociceptive threshold scores, and University of Melbourne pain scores (UMPS) were recorded at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Blood samples for measurement of plasma cortisol, glucose, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations were collected at the time of the incision, and 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery.

RESULTS: No significant surgical complications occurred. The HALO mean surgical time was significantly longer (55.7 minutes) than traditional OVH (31.7 minutes). No significant differences were observed between groups for the pain measures of heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, CPK, and glucose concentrations. The OVH group had significantly higher mean plasma cortisol levels at hour 2 after surgery than the HALO group (P=.0001). The mean UMPS were significantly higher in OVH than the HALO group at all postoperative times (P=.0001). The mean nociceptive threshold measurement s revealed significantly higher tolerated palpation pressures in HALO than OVH at all postoperative times, except hour 72 (P=.0002).

CONCLUSIONS: Dogs appeared to be in less pain with HALO than OVH. The harmonic scalpel coagulated ovarian and uterine vessels completely with minimal collateral damage to surrounding tissues.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: HALO is a safe alternative to OVH and offers a minimally invasive and less pain ful method of surgery.

67. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas . 

Authors : Uhrig, S.R. Papich, M.G. KuKanich, B. Mama, K.R. Wagner, A.E. Chapman, P.L. Hellyer P.W.
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 68(1):25-34, 2007 Jan.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas.

ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult llamas.

PROCEDURES: Llamas received morphine sulfate in a randomized crossover design. In phase 1, they received IV or IM administration of morphine at 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; in phase 2, they received IV administration of morphine at 0.05, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg. Plasma morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide concentrations were determined by validated methods. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, sedation, and analgesia were assessed and compared with plasma concentrations by regression analysis.

RESULTS: Total body clearance was similar between IV administration of morphine sulfate at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg (mean +/- SD, 25.3 +/- 6.9 mL/min/kg and 27.3 +/- 5.9 mL/min/kg, respectively), and linearity was demonstrated between these doses. Bioavailability of morphine following IM administration at 0.5 mg/kg was 120 +/- 30%. Body temperature and sedation increased as the dose of morphine administered increased. Heart rate was unaffected by varying doses. Respiratory rate decreased as dose increased. Analgesia was difficult to assess as a result of high individual variability. Intravenous administration of morphine at 0.25 mg/kg provided the most consistent increase in tolerance to electric stimulation. Pharmacodynamic modeling revealed a sigmoidal relationship between plasma concentration and sedation score.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Morphine was characterized by a large apparent volume of distribution and high systemic clearance in llamas. A prolonged half-life was observed with IM injection. Intravenous administration of morphine sulfate at 0.25 mg/kg every 4 hours is suggested for further study.

68. Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of       propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Authors : Almeida, Tatiana F. Fantoni, Denise T. Mastrocinque, Sandra. Tatarunas, Angelica C. Imagawa, Viviane H.
Institution : Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil .
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 230(1):45-51, 2007 Jan 1.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular and systemic effects and analgesia during the postoperative period of epidural anesthesia performed with bupivacaine alone or with fentanyl or sufentanil in bitches maintained at a light plane of anesthesia with continuous infusion of propofol.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized masked clinical trial.

ANIMALS: 30 female dog s of various breeds.

PROCEDURES: Dog s were allocated into 3 groups of 10 each. One group received fentanyl (2 microg/kg [0.91 microg/lb]) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]), 1 group received sufentanil (1 microg/kg) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg), and 1 group received bupivacaine (1 mg/kg). All dog s received acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb]) and continuous infusion of propofol for sedation. The agents were administered into the lumbosacral space and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution to a total volume of 0.36 mL/kg (0.164 mL/lb). Cardiac and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, pH, and blood gases were evaluated. Analgesia , sedation level, serum cortisol concentrations, and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured regularly for 6 hours.

RESULTS: No important changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, or sedation variables were observed. Degree of analgesia in the postoperative period was higher in the sufentanil group, although use of fentanyl and bupivacaine also resulted in a sufficient level of analgesia.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the 3 anesthetic techniques permitted ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia and acceptable neuroendocrine modulation of pain with minimal adverse effects.

69.Short communication: behavioral and physiological indicators of sensitivity or chronic pain following tail docking.

Authors : Eicher, S D. Cheng, H W. Sorrells, A D. Schutz, M M.
Institution : USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, 125 S. Russell St., 216 Poultry Bld., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.                                                             spruiett@purdue.edu
Source : Journal of Dairy Science. 89(8):3047-51, 2006 Aug.
Abstract :

Docking the tails of dairy cattle causes mild to moderate behavior changes and physiological indicators of acute pain , but no studies have investigated the possibility that tail docking may lead to chronic pain. In human amputees, an incidence of increased limb surface temperature is associated with phantom limb pain , a central nervous system representation that survives peripheral loss.

The objectives of this study were to assess indicators of sensitivity or chronic pain in heifers by using behavioral indicators and thermography. We tested 14 Holstein heifers, 7 docked and 7 intact, from a previous neonatal tail-docking experiment. All 14 animals were videotaped during a test sequence of alternating cold (-9 degrees C), hot (54 degrees C), and neutral packs applied to the underside of the tail. Packs were placed approximately 30.5 cm from the tail head on all animals. A thermal image of the tail was taken using infrared imagery prior to and after temperature sensitivity testing. Docked heifers tended to have greater changes in surface temperatures following the test sequence than did nondocked heifers. In docked heifers, temperatures on the underside of the tail were higher than those at the tip of the tail, both prior to and following the test sequence. Docked heifers also showed substantially higher stomping activity following application of the cold pack. Shifting increased in intact heifers after application of the hot pack, but shifting of the docked heifers did not change. Greater changes were observed in the tail surface temperatures of the docked heifers following temperature manipulation, similar to human amputees who are experiencing phantom limb pain , indicating that similar mechanisms are present in the stump of the docked tail. The behaviors of docked heifers indicated changes in their sensitivity to heat and cold.

70.Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam      in dogs.

Authors : Luna, SP. Basilio, AC. Steagall, PV. Machado, LP. Moutinho, FQ. Takahira, RK. Brandao, CV.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP18618-000,                         Brazil.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research 68(3):258-64, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs.

ANIMALS: 36 adult dogs.

PROCEDURES: Values for CBC, urinalysis, serum biochemical urinalyses, and occult blood in feces were investigated before and 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after daily oral administration (n = 6 dogs/group) of lactose (1 mg/kg, control treatment), etodolac (15 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), and ketoprofen (2 mg/kg for 4 days, followed by 1 mg/kg daily thereafter) or flunixin (1 mg/kg for 3 days, with 4-day intervals). Gastroscopy was performed before and after the end of treatment.

RESULTS: For serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, values were significantly increased at day 30 in dogs treated with lactose, etodolac, and meloxicam within groups. Bleeding time was significantly increased in dogs treated with carprofen at 30 and 90 days, compared with baseline. At 7 days, bleeding time was significantly longer in dogs treated with meloxicam, ketoprofen, and flunixin, compared with control dogs. Clotting time increased significantly in all groups except those treated with etodolac. At day 90, clotting time was significantly shorter in flunixin-treated dogs, compared with lactose-treated dogs. Gastric lesions were detected in all dogs treated with etodolac, ketoprofen, and flunixin, and 1 of 6 treated with carprofen.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carprofen induced the lowest frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects, followed by meloxicam. Monitoring for adverse effects should be considered when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat dogs with chronic pain.

71. Comparison of morphine and carprofen administered alone or in combination for analgesia in dog s undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Authors : Dzikiti, T B. Joubert, K E. Venter, L J. Dzikiti, L N.
Institution : Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa.                             brighton.dzikiti@up.ac.za
Source : Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 77(3):120-6, 2006 Sep.
Abstract :

In this study the analgesic efficacy of the pure agonistic opioid morphine and the cyclo-oxygenase type-2-selective carprofen were compared since there is no previous specific comparative study for these two common analgesics .

Forty-five bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups; receiving morphine 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight pre-operatively and 0.2 mg/kg every 4-6 hours thereafter (Morphine group), receiving a once-off carprofen 4 mg/kg injection (Carprofen group) or receiving both morphine and carprofen (MorphCarp group). The dog s were premedicated with acepromazine 0.01 mg/kg and induced with either thiopentone 5-10 mg/kg or propofol 4-6 mg/kg. General anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. The degree of pain was assessed over a 24-hour period under blinded conditions using a pain scale modified from the University of Melbourne pain scale and the Glasgow composite pain tool. Physiological parameters such as respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature were also assessed over the same time period.

There was no significant difference in pain -scores and thus analgesia offered by the three analgesia protocols at any assessment point across the three groups, but there were differences within groups across time points. Baseline total pain scores were lower than scores at all post-operative points within all three groups. Both morphine and carprofen provided good analgesia without any obvious adverse effects.

This study indicates that at the dosages indicated above, carprofen administered on its own produces analgesia equal to that produced by morphine and that the two drugs administered together do not produce better analgesia than either drug administered on its own.

72. Public statement: guidelines for the assessment and management of pain in rodents and rabbits.

Authors : ACLAM Task Force Members. Kohn D.F. Martin T.E. Foley P.L. Morris T.H. Swindle M.M. Vogler G.A. Wixson S.K.
Institution : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, USA.
Source : Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science 46(2):97-108. 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

The ACLAM Analgesia Task Force was appointed by ACLAM President Diane Gaertner in 2003. The charge to the Task Force was to develop guidelines that could be used by veterinarians, scientists and IACUCs in helping to provide appropriate assessment and management of pain in rodents, with the understanding that ultimately the clinical veterinarian on site at the institution must make decisions relevant to a specific animal or animals and/or protocol. The guidelines were not to be developed as, and should not be used as, requirements. To complete its charge the Task Force reviewed and cited, in a comprehensive manner, available data-based literature in writing the paper. In the course of completion of the document, ACLAM Board of Directors (BOD) reviewed an early draft and at that time also appointed 3 ACLAM diplomates with particular expertise in assessment and management of pain in rodents to act as reviewers of the draft. The Task Force members responded to the critiques and comments submitted by both the BOD and the 3 reviewers. This revised draft was then placed on the ACLAM website for comments from the entire College. The draft was well received by responding diplomates. Comments from the membership were reviewed and discussed by the Task Force, and most were incorporated into the final draft manuscript. The draft then received final review and editing by the ACLAM Publications Committee Chairman, and was accepted in the format presented here. Despite this extensive vetting process through ACLAM, readers should nonetheless be aware that because this document represents the approved statement of an AALAS affiliate organization, it has not undergone the usual JAALAS peer review process. I would like to acknowledge the efforts of the Task Force and the leadership of ACLAM for supporting this comprehensive and informative synthesis. The document should serve as a resource to the research community for years to come.

73. Analgesic efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in onychectomized cats.

Authors : Carroll GL. Howe LB. Peterson KD.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 226(6):913-9, 2005 Mar 15.
Abstract :

74. Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy.[see comment].

Authors : Sellon DC. Roberts MC. Blikslager AT. Ulibarri C. Papich MG.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. dsellon@vetmed.wsu.edu
Title : Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy.[see comment].
Comments : Comment in: J Vet Intern Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;18(4):461-2; PMID: 15320579
Source : Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 18(4):555-63, 2004 Jul-Aug.
Abstract :

A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed to determine whether butorphanol administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 24 hours after abdominal surgery would decrease pain and surgical stress responses and improve recovery in horses. Thirty-one horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol CRI (13 microg/kg/h for 24 hours after surgery; treatment) or isotonic saline (control). All horses received flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV q12h). There were no significant differences between treatment and control horses in preoperative or operative variables. Treatment horses had significantly lower plasma cortisol concentration compared with control horses at 2, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Mean weight loss while hospitalized was significantly less for treatment horses than control horses, whether expressed as total decrease in body weight (13.9+/-3.4 and 27.9+/-4.5 kg, respectively) or as a percentage decrease in body weight (2.6+/-0.7 and 6.3+/-1.1%, respectively). Treatment horses were significantly delayed in time to first passage of feces (median times of 15 and 4 hours, respectively). Treatment horses had significantly improved behavior scores during the first 24 hours after surgery, consistent with the conclusion that they experienced less pain during that time. Butorphanol CRI during the immediate postoperative period significantly decreased plasma cortisol concentrations and improved recovery characteristics in horses undergoing abdominal surgery.

75. Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs.

Authors : Hudson JT . Slater MR . Taylor L . Scott HM . Kerwin SC .
Institution : Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Departments of                           Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 65(12):1634-43, 2004 Dec
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE : To develop a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire that is repeatable and valid for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs .

SAMPLE POPULATION: 48 client-owned dogs with mild to moderate lameness.-year period. Of the 48 dogs , 19 were used in repeatability assessment, 48 were used in principal component analysis, and 44 were used in model selection procedures and validity testing. A test-retest measure of repeatability was conducted on dogs with a change of < 10% in vertical peak force. A force platform was used as the criterion-referenced standard for detecting lameness. Principal component analysis was used to describe dimensionality of the data. Repeatable questions were used as explanatory variables in multiple regression models to predict force plate measurement s. Peak vertical, craniocaudal, and associated impulses were the forces used to quantify lameness. The regression models were used to test the criterion validity of the questionnaire.

RESULTS : 19 of 39 questions were found to be repeatable on the basis of a Spearman rank-correlation cut point of > 0.6. Model selection procedures resulted in 3 overlapping subsets of questions that were considered valid representations of the forces measured (vertical peak, vertical impulse, and propulsion peak). Each reduced model fit the data as well as the full model.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE : The VAS questionnaire was repeatable and valid for use in assessing the degree of mild to moderate lameness in dogs .

76. Comparison of carprofen and meloxicam for 72 hours following ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Authors : Leece EA . Brearley JC . Harding EF .
Institution : Centre for Small Animal Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Suffolk , UK . elizabeth.leece@aht.org.uk
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia. 32(4):184-92, 2005 Jul .
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare the peri- and post-operative (72 hours) analgesic effects of injectable and orally administered carprofen and meloxicam for ovariohysterectomy in dogs .

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical study.

ANIMALS: Forty-three dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive pre-operative carprofen, meloxicam or sterile saline by subcutaneous injection. Pre-anaesthetic medication was intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1)) and methadone (0.2 mg kg(-1)). Anaesthesia was induced with either thiopentone or propofol injected to effect, and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Visual analogue scores (VAS) for pain and sedation were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours following tracheal extubation. Oral medication with the same treatment was continued post-operatively for 3 days, with VAS scores for pain being recorded before, and 2 hours after treatment on each day. Differences between group age, body mass, duration of general anaesthesia, time from treatment injection to tracheal extubation and time from treatment injection to first oral treatment were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. Visual analogue scores for pain and sedation were analysed using a re-randomization method. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS: Meloxicam-treated subjects had lower mean VAS than the control group at 2 and 6 hours following tracheal extubation. Control group VAS were more varied than meloxicam scores (at 6 hours) and carprofen scores (at 3 and 6 hours). On the first post-operative day, pre- to post-treatment VAS scores decreased significantly after meloxicam. On day 3, scores in the meloxicam-treated group were significantly lower than control values after treatment. Changes in pre- to post-treatment VAS were greater in animals receiving either meloxicam or carprofen compared with those given saline.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both carprofen and meloxicam provided satisfactory analgesia for 72 hours following ovariohysterectomy in dogs .

77. Evaluation of pentosan polysulfate sodium in the postoperative recovery from cranial cruciate injury in dogs: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Authors : Budsberg, SC. Bergh, MS. Reynolds, LR. Streppa, HK.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Source : Veterinary Surgery 36(3):234-44, 2007 Apr.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) for improving the recovery period and mitigate the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) of the canine stifle after extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

ANIMALS: Dogs (n=40) with unilateral CCL instability.

METHODS: Each dog had an extracapsular stabilization of the stifle with or without partial meniscectomy. Dogs were divided into 4 groups based on preoperative radiographic assessment and whether a partial meniscectomy was performed. Dogs were randomly assigned to either (3 mg/kg) PPS or placebo treatment in each group, and then injected subcutaneously weekly for 4 weeks. Lameness, radiographic changes, biological marker concentration in blood and urine, and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were collected preoperatively, and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 weeks. Data were analyzed within and between groups using repeated measures ANOVA; P<.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: No adverse reactions to PPS were reported. Thirty-nine dogs completed a minimum of 24-weeks follow-up and 33 dogs completed 48 weeks. All dogs clinically improved after surgery without differences in lameness score, vertical GRFs, or radiographic progression. Grouped and evaluated only by initial radiographic score, PPS-treated dogs improved significantly faster in braking GRFs than placebo-treated dogs. In dogs with partial meniscectomies, urine deoxypyridinoline, and serum carboxy-propeptide of type II collagen were significantly increased at 6 weeks in placebo-treated dogs compared with PPS-treated dogs.

CONCLUSIONS: PPS administered after stabilization of the cruciate deficient stifle may prove to be a useful adjunctive treatment option, although further studies are necessary to substantiate this claim.

77. Pain management in cats--past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain--clinical pharmacology. [Review] [103 refs]

Authors : Robertson SA. Taylor PM.
Institution : Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Title : Pain management in cats--past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain--clinical pharmacology. [Review] [103 refs]
Source : Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery. 6(5):321-33, 2004 Oct.
Abstract :

Opioids have an unjustified reputation for causing mania in cats, but with refinements in dosing they are now used successfully in this species. The mu-opioid agonists are generally considered the best analgesics. Morphine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) is effective in a clinical setting. Methadone (up to 0.5 mg/kg) has a similar profile to morphine. Pethidine (Demerol, meperidine; 2-5 mg/kg) is a useful analgesic with a faster onset but shorter duration of action than morphine. Oxymorphone and hydromorphone (0.05-0.1 mg/kg) are widely used in the USA. These opioids are more potent (up to 10 times), and longer acting than morphine in cats. Butorphanol (0.1-0.4 mg/kg) is a mu-opioid antagonist that produces its analgesic actions through kappa agonist activity. It rapidly reaches a ceiling effect, is short acting and is a weaker analgesic than pure mu opioids. Buprenorphine (0.01-0.02 mg/kg), a partial mu-agonist, is the most popular opioid used in small animal practice in the UK, other parts of Europe, Australia and South Africa. In clinical studies it has produced better analgesia than several other opioids and appears to be highly suitable for perioperative pain management in cats. NSAIDs are also used in cats for pain management, although cats metabolise these differently from other species. With appropriate dosing, carprofen (1-4 mg/kg) and meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg) have proved highly effective with few side effects. The use of ketoprofen (2 mg/kg), tolfenamic acid (4 mg/kg) and vedaprofen (0.5 mg/kg) has been reported in cats. Other less traditional analgesics such as ketamine, medetomidine and local anaesthetics are also used for clinical pain management. The transmucosal, transdermal and epidural routes offer novel methods for administration of analgesic drugs and have considerable potential for improving techniques in feline pain management. [References: 103]

78. Primary desmitis of the palmar and plantar annular ligaments in horses: 25 cases (1990-2003).

Authors : McGhee JD. White NA. Goodrich LR.
Institution : Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA 20177, USA.
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 226(1):83-6, 2005 Jan 1.
Abstract :

79. Comparison of intraoperative pain responses following intratesticular or mesorchial injection of lidocaine in standing horses undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.

Authors : Joyce, Jolynn. Hendrickson, Dean A.
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA
Source : Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 229(11):1779-83, 2006 Dec 1.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare pain responses in stallions undergoing standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy following intratesticular or mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine.

DESIGN: Clinical trial.

ANIMALS: 20 stallions with 1 or 2 undescended testes.

PROCEDURES: Standing horses were administered a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a caudal epidural injection of detomidine hydrochloride and underwent laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. The undescended testis (1/horse) was grasped to determine the preoperative pain response (present vs absent) and assess severity of pain (by use of a visual analog scale [VAS]). The undescended testis or its mesorchium was injected with 2% lidocaine (10 mL); saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL) was injected in the untreated structure. Presence and severity of pain was determined by 2 individuals as the testis was grasped following infiltration and at the times of ligature placement and transection of the spermatic cord. Serum cortisol concentration was analyzed preoperatively, after ligation, and after transection. Presence or absence of signs of pain , severity of pain , and serum cortisol concentrations were compared within and between treatment groups.

RESULTS: Detection of signs of pain and VAS pain scores did not differ between observers at any time point. Perceived pain responses associated with ligature placement differed significantly from preoperative responses. Pain responses and serum cortisol concentrations after intratesticular and mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine did not differ.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that intratesticular or mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine combined with administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and caudal epidural injection of detomidine provides adequate analgesia in standing stallions undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.

80. Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal                           interphalangeal joint.

Authors : Kristiansen, K.K. Kold, S.E.
Institution : Willesley Equine Clinic Ltd., Tetbury, Gloucestershire, GL8 8QU, UK.
Source : Equine Veterinary Journal. 39(2):150-6, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is limited knowledge available of factors influencing response to treatments of the DIP-joint in horses with lameness responding to diagnostic analgesia of the DIP-joint. For this reason a multivariable statistical analysis was performed.

HYPOTHESIS: Horses with lameness reduced by > or = 75% 10 min after intra-articular analgesia of the DIP-joint, can be treated successfully by intra-articular medication of the joint. Multiple factors influence the response to treatment.

METHODS: The study was performed retrospectively based on clinical records of horses treated with either polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) or methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in the DIP-joint between January 1996 and January 2003. Information was collected from clinical records and from the owners of the horses via a detailed questionnaire, in which they described their perception of the outcome a minimum of one year after treatment. Allocation of the horses to the 2 treatment groups was done mainly because of a change in treatment policy. In Regime A all horses received 3 intra-articular injections of PSGAG approximately 8 days apart, whereas in Regime B all horses received a single intra-articular injection of MPA as a first treatment. If the horse did not improve sufficiently to return to work by 4 weeks, a series of 3 intra-articular PSGAG injections was administered.

RESULTS: Of the horses receiving Regime A, 67% had a successful outcome, compared with 46% of the group receiving Regime B. A significantly better result was obtained in dressage horses than in jumping horses (eventing and showjumping). Other variables such as age, duration of lameness, distribution of lameness, degree of lameness, response to DIP-joint analgesia and radiographic observations were also associated with success of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: There is a rationale for using either PSGAG or MPA intra-articularly in the treatment of lameness, reduced > or = 75% within 10 min of analgesia of the DIP-joint.

81. Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dog s on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life.

Authors : Wiseman-Orr, M Lesley. Scott, E Marian. Reid, Jacqueline. Nolan, Andrea M.
Institution : Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G61 1QH.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 67(11):1826-36, 2006 Nov
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To validate the use of a novel questionnaire as an instrument for measurement of chronic pain in dog s through its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL).

ANIMALS: 108 dog s with chronic degenerative joint disease and 26 healthy dog s.

PROCEDURES: Questionnaire responses were subjected to factor analysis (FA) and questionnaire scores to discriminant analysis to evaluate construct validity. Questionnaire scores were used to explore the potential of this instrument for minimizing respondent bias and for evaluative purposes.

RESULTS: FA results revealed a sensible factor structure accounting for 65% of the variance in data, with factors identifiable as domains of HRQL in dog s affected by chronic pain . Further evidence for construct validity was provided when questionnaire scores were used to discriminate, on the basis of 218 questionnaires, between dog s with clinician-awarded pain scores of 0 and dog s with pain scores >or= 1 (88% discrimination, with 95% of no- pain group dog s and 87% of some- pain group dog s correctly categorized). Use of the questionnaire provided minimized respondent bias.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Validation of the questionnaire as an instrument for discriminative and evaluative measurement s of orthopedic chronic pain through its impact on HRQL in dog s was provided. Use of the questionnaire, with further testing and refinement, may support improved clinical decision making, facilitate development of evidence-based therapeutic options for chronic diseases, and help veterinarians and owners define humane end points in dog s.

IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE: Information gained here may provide improved measurement s of clinical change in animal studies that use dog s with naturally occurring chronic pain to evaluate novel human treatment protocols.

82. Changes in platelet function, hemostasis, and prostaglandin expression after treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with various cyclooxygenase selectivities in       dogs.

Authors  : Brainard, BM. Meredith, CP. Callan, MB. Budsberg, SC. Shofer, FS. Driessen, B. Otto, CM.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 68(3):251-7, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of various cyclooxygenase selectivities on hemostasis and prostaglandin expression in dogs.

ANIMALS: 8 client-owned dogs with clinical signs of osteoarthritis.

PROCEDURES: Dogs received aspirin (5 mg/kg, PO , q 12 h), carprofen (4 mg/kg, PO , q 24 h), deracoxib (2 mg/kg, PO , q 24 h), and meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg, PO , q 24 h) for 10 days each, with an interval of at least 14 days between treatments. On days 0 and 10, blood was collected for platelet aggregation assays, thrombelastography, and measurement of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated prostaglandin E(2), platelet thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), and free serum TXB(2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F (PGF)-1alpha concentrations.

RESULTS: Platelet aggregation decreased after treatment with aspirin and carprofen, whereas significant changes from baseline were not detected for the other drugs tested. Thrombelastograms obtained after treatment with carprofen revealed decreased maximum amplitude and alpha-angle, suggesting hypocoagulability. Maximum amplitude and coagulation index increased after treatment with deracoxib. Plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) decreased after treatment with carprofen or deracoxib, and platelet TXB(2) production increased after treatment with aspirin. Serum concentrations of the prostacyclin metabolite 6-keto-PGF-1alpha did not change significantly after treatment with any of the drugs, although the ratio of free TXB(2) to 6-keto-PGF-1alpha decreased slightly after treatment with carprofen and increased slightly after treatment with deracoxib.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At the dosages tested, treatment with meloxicam affected platelet function minimally in dogs with osteoarthritis. Treatment with carprofen decreased clot strength and platelet aggregation. Clot strength was increased after treatment with deracoxib.

83. Analgesic comparison of meloxicam or ketoprofen for orthopedic surgery in dogs.

Authors : Deneuche AJ. Dufayet C. Goby L. Fayolle P. Desbois C.
Institution : Sections of Surgery and Anesthesia, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Gle. De Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. adeneuche@free.fr
Source : Veterinary Surgery. 33(6):650-60, 2004 Nov-Dec.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of 2 analgesic protocols (preoperative meloxicam or intraoperative ketoprofen administration) during the first 24 hours after orthopedic surgery in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, prospective randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: Sixty client-owned dogs. METHODS: Dogs with surgical orthopedic disorders were randomly separated into 2 groups: 30 dogs were administered 0.2 mg/kg meloxicam intravenously (IV) immediately before induction and 30 dogs were administered 2 mg/kg ketoprofen IV, 30 minutes before the end of surgery. Pain was assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS) and a cumulative pain score (CPS) preoperatively and at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after extubation. Selected serum biochemical variables were measured before and 24 hours after surgery and, buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) and whole blood clotting time (WBCT) were measured before and 8 hours after surgery. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol and maintained on halothane in oxygen. Any complications were documented for 7 days after surgery. Results were compared between the 2 groups for significant differences in VAS scores (2-sample t-test) and in CPS (Wilcoxon's 2-sample test). Moreover, results were analyzed for significant differences in area under the curve (AUC) for VAS (2-sample t-test) and CPS (Wilcoxon's 2-sample test) among groups. To assess the effects of treatments on biochemical and coagulation functions, pre- and postoperative mean values of BMBT and WBCT were compared within both treatment groups (paired t-tests) and between both groups (2-sample t-test). RESULTS: No significant differences in pain response or coagulation were found between meloxicam- and ketoprofen-treated dogs. In both groups, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations were significantly increased compared with baseline. No serious complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative administration of meloxicam is a safe and effective method of controlling postoperative pain for up to 24 hours in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analgesia after administration of preoperative meloxicam was comparable with administration of ketoprofen at the end of the surgery.

84. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the foot in horses with palmar foot pain and control horses

Authors : Murray, Rachel C. Schramme, Michael C. Dyson, Sue J. Branch, Marion V. Blunden, Tony S.
Institution : Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park , Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU , UK . rachel.murray@aht.org.uk
Source : Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 47(1):1-16, 2006 Jan-Feb.
Abstract :

Palmar foot pain is a common cause of lameness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to detect damage in all tissues of the equine foot, but an understanding of the differences in magnetic resonance (MR) images between feet from horses with and without palmar foot pain is required.

This study aimed to describe MR findings in feet from horses with no history of foot-related lameness, and to compare these with MR findings in horses with lameness improved by palmar digital local analgesia.

Thirty-four limbs from horses euthanized with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome (ameness >2 months duration, positive response to palmar digital nerve blocks and absence of other forelimb problems) (Group L), and 25 feet from age-matched horses with no history of foot pain (Group N) were examined. For each anatomic structure, MR signal intensity and homogeneity, size, definition of margins, and relationships with other structures were described. Alterations in MR signal intensity and homogeneity were graded as mild, moderate, or severe and compared between Groups L and N. Results revealed that there were significant differences in MR images between Groups N and L. Multiple moderate-severe MR signal changes were present in 91% of limbs from Group L and moderate (none were graded severe) in 27% of limbs from Group N. In most Group L limbs, more than three structures and frequently six to eight structures were abnormal. Concomitant abnormalities involved most frequently the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligament, and navicular bursa (with significant associations in severity grade between these structures), sometimes with involvement of the distal interphalangeal joint and/or its collateral ligaments.

It was concluded that findings on MR images were different between horses with and without foot pain , and that pain localized to the foot was associated with MR changes in a variety of structures, indicating that damage to several structures may occur concurrently and that MR imaging was useful for evaluation of foot pain .

85. Comparison of preoperative carprofen and postoperative butorphanol as postsurgical analgesics in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Authors : Al-Gizawiy MM. P Rude E.
Institution : Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
Title : Comparison of preoperative carprofen and postoperative butorphanol as postsurgical analgesics in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia. 31(3):164-74, 2004 Jul.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare carprofen to butorphanol, with regard to postsurgical analgesic effects, duration of analgesia, and adverse side effects. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Seventy-one cats, 0.5-5 years of age, weighing 3.24 +/- 0.61 kg, undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). METHODS: Cats were premedicated with subcutaneous atropine (0.04 mg kg(-1)), acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), and ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)) and diazepam (0.25 mg kg(-1)) given intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane. There were three treatment groups: group C (4 mg kg(-1) carprofen SC at induction), group B (0.4 mg kg(-1) butorphanol SC at end of surgery), and group S (0.08 mL kg(-1) of sterile saline SC at induction and end of surgery). Behavioral data were collected using a composite pain scale (CPS), prior to surgery (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours post-surgery. Interaction scores were analyzed separately. Cats with CPS scores >12 received rescue analgesia (meperidine, 4 mg kg(-1), intramuscular). RESULTS: Sixty cats completed the study. The CPS scores did not differ significantly between groups C and B at any time period. CPS scores for groups B and C were significantly increased for 12 hours post-surgery, and in group S for 20 hours. Both group C and B CPS scores were significantly lower than group S in this 20-hour postoperative period, except at 4 hours (B and C) and at 3 and 8 hours (B alone). Interaction scores for group C returned to preoperative baseline 4 hours after surgery, while both groups B and S remained increased for at least 24 hours post-surgery. Nine cats required meperidine. CONCLUSION: In this study, carprofen provided better postsurgical analgesia than butorphanol. Clinical relevance Neither drug completely abolished pain, however preoperative carprofen provided better pain control compared with postoperative butorphanol in the 24-hour period following OHE surgery in cats.

86. Postanesthetic hyperthermia in cats : a retrospective comparison between hydromorphone and buprenorphine

Authors : Niedfeldt, Rebecca L. Robertson, Sheilah A.
Institution : Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia . 33(6):381-9, 2006 Nov.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of postanesthetic hyperthermia [rectal temperature >40 degrees C (104 degrees F)] in a clinical population of cats .

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMAL POPULATION: One hundred and twenty-five cats with an age range of 2 months to 16.1 years, and weighing 3.9 +/- 1.5 kg.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the medical records of 125 cats that underwent general anesthesia. Information on perioperative rectal temperatures, breed, sex, weight, surgical procedure, anesthetic time, surgery time, anesthetic and analgesic drugs were retrieved.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Five groups of cats were compared; group 1 (n = 15) received acepromazine and no opioid s; group 2 (n = 17) received acepromazine and buprenorphine; group 3 (n = 19) received acepromazine, buprenorphine and ketoprofen; group 4 (n = 45) received acepromazine and hydromorphone and group 5 (n = 29) received acepromazine, hydromorphone and ketoprofen. Data conformed to a split-plot repeated measures analysis of variance and was analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED. Post hoc tests were by means of Bonferroni t-test; < or = 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: Rectal temperature was significantly decreased in all groups at the end of anesthesia. Rectal temperature was significantly elevated at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after the end of anesthesia in group 4, and at 2, 3 and 4 hours in group 5. Sixty-four percent of cats in group 4 and 69% in group 5 had rectal temperatures >40 degrees C (104 degrees F) at one or more times in the postanesthetic period. The highest temperature recorded was 42.5 degrees C (108.5 degrees F) in one cat in group 4. Mean rectal temperature did not exceed the preoperative temperature at any time during the postanesthetic period in group 1, 2 and 3 animals.

CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates an association between hyperthermia and perioperative administration of hydromorphone in cats .

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When hydromorphone is used in cats their body temperature should be closely monitored.

87. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of transdermal fentanyl patches for the relief of post-operative pain in dogs after anterior cruciate ligament and pelvic limb repair

Authors : Egger C.M. Glerum L. Michelle Haag K. Rohrbach B.W.
Institution : Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 34(3):200-208, 2007 May.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether transdermal fentanyl patches provided cost-effective post-operative analgesia in dogs with pelvic limb injuries.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.

ANIMALS: Twenty-four dogs undergoing repair of ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments or pelvic limb fractures.

METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: those receiving transdermal fentanyl patches (group F) and those receiving injectable morphine for control of post-operative pain (group M). Patients in both treatment groups were monitored for adequacy of analgesia and alterations in physiological variables. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured in Group F. Rescue morphine was given if a dog was deemed uncomfortable. The time of first rescue morphine, the total amount, and number of doses of morphine administered over 72 hours was quantified and compared for each group.

RESULTS: There was no significant treatment effect on any of the parameters, except for serum cortisol concentration, which was significantly lower overall in group F (p = 0.01). Pain scores peaked at 6 hours post-extubation and were higher than baseline from 2 to 20 hours post-extubation. Cortisol concentrations were the highest at time 0 (extubation) and were significantly higher than baseline until 2 hours post-extubation. Pain scores correlated with fentanyl plasma concentrations (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively), but the correlation was low (r = 0.26 and r = 0.16, respectively). No correlation was found between serum cortisol concentrations and pain scores in either group. Fentanyl cost and total cost for pain management were considerably higher for group F.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fentanyl patches did not provide better analgesia or a reduced requirement for rescue opioid compared with intramuscular morphine. When considering overall costs to the client for comparable analgesic intervention, fentanyl patches increased rather than decreased cost during the first 24 hours post-operatively.

88. Transdermal fentanyl combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in horses.[see comment].

Authors : Thomasy SM. Slovis N. Maxwell LK. Kollias-Baker C.
Institution : K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.smthomasy@ucdavis.edu
Title : Transdermal fentanyl combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in horses.[see comment].
Comments : Comment in: J Vet Intern Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;18(4):461-2; PMID: 15320579
Source : Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 18(4):550-4, 2004 Jul-Aug.
Abstract :

This study investigated the pharmcokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) in horses in which there was an inadequate analgesic response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone. Nine horses with pain that was refractory to therapeutic doses of phenylbutazone (n = 3) or flunixin meglumine (n = 6) subsequently also received between 39 and 110 microg/kg of transdermal fentanyl. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after patch application, and a radioimmunoassay was used to determine serum fentanyl concentrations. Pharmacokinetic values were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Physical examination findings were recorded in all horses, and pain and lameness grading systems were used to assign scores to 8 and 6 horses, respectively. All horses tolerated the administration of fentanyl TTS, in that no clinically significant adverse effects attributable to fentanyl were observed. Use of the TTS resulted in variable serum concentrations of fentanyl, with a peak serum concentration of 2.2+/-1.1 ng/mL (mean+/-SD) and a time to peak serum concentration of 26+/-13 hours. After transdermal fentanyl administration, mean time to reach serum fentanyl concentrations consistent with analgesia in other species (1 ng/mL) was 14 hours. In addition, serum fentanyl concentrations of 1 ng/mL or greater were maintained in all but one horse for at least 18 hours. Pain scores were significantly decreased after fentanyl TTS and NSAID administration (P < .05), but lameness scores were not significantly different (P > .05). Overall, administration of fentanyl TTS had a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in horses with clinical pain, and the fentanyl TTS in combination with NSAIDs appeared to provide safe and effective analgesia in most of the horses with pain that was refractory to NSAID therapy alone.

89. The effect of a topical anaesthetic formulation, systemic flunixin and carprofen, singly or in combination, on cortisol and behavioural responses of Merino lambs to mulesing.

Authors : Paull, DR. Lee, C. Colditz, IG. Atkinson, SJ. Fisher, AD.
Institution : CSIRO Livestock Industries, FD McMaster Laboratory, Armidale NSW 2350, Australia
Source : Australian Veterinary Journal. 85(3):98-106, 2007 Mar.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pain responses of lambs to mulesing, and the effectiveness of potential analgesic treatments.

PROCEDURES: Merino lambs (n=64) were allocated at 5 weeks of age to eight treatment groups: 1) sham mules; 2) conventional mules; 3) topical anaesthetic, incorporating lignocaine, bupivicaine, adrenaline and cetrimide, applied immediately after mulesing; 4) flunixin + topical anaesthetic, with flunixin administered 2.5 mg/kg s.c. 90 min before mulesing; 5) carprofen + topical anaesthetic, with carprofen administered 4 mg/kg s.c. 90 min before mulesing; 6) carprofen, administered as above; 7) flunixin, administered as above; and 8) carprofen + flunixin, administered as above. Plasma cortisol was measured at 0, 0.5, 6, 12 and 24 h relative to mulesing. Animal behaviour, including posture, was recorded for 12 h after mulesing.

RESULTS: The conventional mules lambs exhibited large increases in plasma cortisol, reduced lying and increased standing with a hunched back compared with sham mules animals. Topical anaesthetic reduced the cortisol peak to mulesing and hunched standing, and increased lying compared with the conventional mules treatment, but generally did not result in values equivalent to sham mules animals. Carprofen, flunixin, and carprofen + flunixin treatments did not reduce the cortisol response to mulesing but substantially ameliorated some changes in behavioural postures. Flunixin + topical anaesthetic reduced the cortisol peak following mulesing and substantially ameliorated most changes in behavioural postures. Carprofen + topical anaesthetic abolished the cortisol peak following mulesing and substantially ameliorated most changes in behavioural postures. All mulesed animals lost weight in the week after mulesing regardless of analgesic administration, but there were no significant differences in growth rate between any of the eight treatments over the 3 weeks after mulesing.

CONCLUSIONS: Analgesics can moderate the pain response of lambs to mulesing. The welfare outcome for lambs of mulesing could be improved by use of a combination of local anaesthetic and long acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

90. Comparison of two doses of ropivacaine for lumbrosacral epidural analgesia in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).

Authors : Amarpal K.P. Aithal H.P. Singh G.R. Pawde A.M. Singh T. Sharma A. Pratap K.
Institution : Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122(UP), India.
Source : Veterinary Record. 160(22):766-769.
Abstract :

Six male buffalo calves aged from six to eight months and weighing 100 to 120 kg were used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of caudal epidural analgesia produced by doses of 37.5 mg (5 ml) and 75 mg (10 ml) ropivacaine (0.75 per cent). The study was completed in two phases. In phase 1, all the animals were used twice to evaluate the analgesic and clinical effects of two doses of ropivacaine. In phase 2, the animals were divided into two groups of three to evaluate the effects of two doses of ropivacaine on some haemodynamic and acid-base parameters. Signs of analgesia, as evidenced by a loss of response to pinprick stimulation, were recorded only at the tail, perineum and hindlimbs of the animals given 5 ml ropivacaine, but they extended from the tail to the thorax (T9) in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine. The duration of analgesia was five to six hours in the animals given 5 ml ropivacaine and seven to eight hours in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine. Animals of both groups became recumbent, but the score for ataxia was higher in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine. The respiratory rate decreased significantly (P<0.05) below the baseline in the animals Six male buffalo calves aged from six to eight months and weighing 100 to 120 kg were used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of caudal epidural analgesia produced by doses of 37.5 mg (5 ml) and 75 mg (10 ml) ropivacaine (0.75 per cent). The study was completed in two phases. In phase 1, all the animals were used twice to evaluate the analgesic and clinical effects of two doses of ropivacaine. In phase 2, the animals were divided into two groups of three to evaluate the effects of two doses of ropivacaine on some haemodynamic and acid-base parameters. Signs of analgesia, as evidenced by a loss of response to pinprick stimulation, were recorded only at the tail, perineum and hindlimbs of the animals given 5 ml ropivacaine, but they extended from the tail to the thorax (T9) in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine. The duration of analgesia was five to six hours in the animals given 5 ml ropivacaine and seven to eight hours in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine. Animals of both groups became recumbent, but the score for ataxia was higher in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine. The respiratory rate decreased significantly (P<0.05) below the baseline in the animals given 10 ml ropivacaine, but the rectal temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and acid-base and electrolyte parameters did not change significantly in either group.

91. Assessment of the hemodynamic effects of lidocaine administered IV in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.

Authors : Pypendop BH. Ilkiw JE.
Institution : Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Source : American Journal of Veterinary Research. 66(4):661-8, 2005 Apr.
Abstract :

92. Investigation of the interaction between buprenorphine and sufentanil during anaesthesia for ovariectomy in dogs.

Authors : Goyenechea Jaramillo, Lilia A. Murrell, Joanna C. Hellebrekers, Ludo J.
Institution : Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia . 33(6):399-407, 2006 Nov.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of buprenorphine pre-treatment on sufentanil requirements in female dog s undergoing ovariectomy.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, 'blinded', prospective clinical study.

ANIMALS: Thirty healthy female dog s referred for ovariectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dog s were randomly assigned to one of two pre-anaesthetic treatment groups. Those in the buprenorphine group (B) received buprenorphine 20 microg kg(-1) and acepromazine 0.03 mg kg(-1) IM. Control group (C) animals received an equal volume of NaCl 0.9% and acepromazine 0.03 mg kg(-1) IM. The anaesthetic technique was identical in both groups. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of intravenous (IV) sufentanil (1.0 microg kg(-1)) and midazolam (0.05 mg kg(-1)) and intramuscular atropine (0.03 mg kg(-1)). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with a constant rate infusion of sufentanil (1.0 microg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and with oxygen-isoflurane. Ventilation was controlled mechanically. Ovariectomy was performed using a standard technique. Baseline heart rate (HR) and direct mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded before the first incision. Increases in HR and MAP of > or =20% over baseline and, or spontaneous ventilation were controlled using IV sufentanil (1.0 microg kg(-1)) repeated after 5 minutes if haemodynamic variables remained elevated or attempts at spontaneous ventilation persisted. Analysis of variance was used to determine group differences in mean and median HR and MAP and to compare the maximum HR and MAP attained during surgery. Poisson regression was used to compare the number of sufentanil injections required in both groups.

RESULTS: Group B required 2.46 times more sufentanil injections (p = 0.00487) than dog s in group C to maintain haemodynamic stability and prevent spontaneous ventilation during surgery. Group B dog s also had a significantly higher (p = 0.034) marginal mean of the log maximum MAP (4.756 +/- 0.036) compared with group C (4.642 +/- 0.036).

CONCLUSIONS: Pre-treatment with buprenorphine appears to negatively influence the antinociceptive efficacy of intra-operative sufentanil.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Withholding buprenorphine therapy 6-8 hours before anaesthesia incorporating pure mu receptor agonists is probably advisable. Alternative methods of analgesia should be provided in this period.

93. A comparison of extradural and intravenous methadone on intraoperative isoflurane and postoperative analgesia requirements in dogs

Authors : Leibetseder, Elisabeth N. Mosing, Martina. Jones, Ronald S.
Institution : Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, GE (Gemeinsame Einrichtung) of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. lisa@leibetseder.org
Source : Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia . 33(2):128-36, 2006 Mar.
Abstract :

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) and extradural (ED) methadone on end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe'ISO) and postoperative analgesic requirements in dog s undergoing femoro-tibial joint surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, clinical study. Animals Twenty-four healthy client-owned dog s undergoing surgical repair of ruptured cruciate ligaments.

METHODS: Dog s were randomly assigned to two groups of 12 animals and received either ED or IV methadone (0.3 mg kg(-1) diluted with saline to 0.2 mL kg(-1)). Pre-anaesthetic medication was IV acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1)). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained initially with an Fe'ISO of 1.0% delivered in oxygen. Methadone was injected with the dog s in sternal recumbency; the observer was unaware of the administration route. At 10 minutes (stimulation 1) and 20 minutes (stimulation 2) after methadone administration pelvic limb reflexes were tested by digit-clamping. The time at skin incision (stimulation 3), joint-capsule incision (stimulation 4), tibial tuberosity drilling (stimulation 5), fabellar suturing (stimulation 6) and extracapsular tightening (stimulation 7) were noted. Changes in heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure associated with surgery were recorded along with the corresponding Fe'ISO. After 20 minutes of anaesthesia, Fe'ISO was decreased to the minimum required to maintain stable anaesthesia. Immediately after tracheal extubation, 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours postoperative ly and on the morning after surgery, the degree of pain present was assessed using a numerical rating scale. The HR, respiratory rates and blood pressure were also recorded at these times. Serum cortisol and blood glucose concentrations were measured before pre-anaesthetic medication and at each postoperative pain scoring interval except at 1 and 2 hours. Ketoprofen (2 mg kg(-1)), carprofen (4 mg kg(-1)) or meloxicam (0.2 mg kg(-1)) were given by subcutaneous injection whenever pain scoring indicated moderate discomfort was present.

RESULTS: Controlled ventilation was required in six dog s which stopped breathing after IV methadone. The median Fe'ISO at stimulus 5 was 1.0% in the IV and 0.83% in the ED group. At stimulus 6, Fe'ISO was 1.0% in the IV and 0.8% in the ED group; the difference was statistically significant (p </= 0.05). There was no significant difference in the duration of postoperative analgesia associated with administration route.

CONCLUSIONS: Extradural methadone significantly reduces the isoflurane requirement compared with IV methadone during femoro-tibial joint surgery in dog s.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Extradural methadone provides safe and effective pain relief in dog s undergoing cruciate ligament repair.